Introduction
The British public Brexit referendum, set for June 23, 2016, had caused major political irritations, when a majority of 51.89% had decided, with a narrow lead, that the United Kingdom (UK) should leave the European Union (EU). Opinion polls had predicted a tight result, but there were still prospects that the British electorate would prefer a remaining within the EU. However, the leave momentum prevailed finally. The United Kingdom had joined the EU in 1973; therefore this Brexit referendum, after 40 years of membership, created major attention (also international attention). When Brexit was possible, could then anything happen in politics (in established democracies)? Would Brexit redefine our standard political assumptions and redraw our expectations of what was or what is possible? These were questions also...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Bernhardt P, Liebhart K. Politik auf Instagram: Bildstrategien von Norbert Hofer und Alexander Van der Bellen im Bundespräsidentschaftswahlkampf 2016. SWS-Rundsch. 2017;57(2):146–67.
Campbell DFJ. Wie Trump alle Prognosen über den Haufen warf. Nicht nur die Demokraten sind die Verlierer dieser US-Wahl, sondern vor allem auch die Meinungsforschungsindustrie (Guest Commentary). Vienna: Die Presse; 2016. http://diepresse.com/home/meinung/gastkommentar/5115547/Wie-Trump-alle-Prognosen-ueber-den-Haufen-warf?from=suche.intern.portal
Campbell DFJ, Carayannis EG, Rehman SS. Quadruple helix structures of quality of democracy in innovation systems: the USA, OECD countries, and EU member countries in global comparison. J Knowl Econ. 2015;6(3):467–93. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13132-015-0246-7
Carayannis EG, Campbell DFJ. Developed democracies versus emerging autocracies: arts, democracy, and innovation. In: Quadruple helix innovation systems. J Innov Entrep. 2014;3:12. http://www.innovation-entrepreneurship.com/content/3/1/12
CNN Politics. National president exit polls. Atlanta: CNN; 2016. http://edition.cnn.com/election/results/exit-polls
Financial Times. French election results: macron’s victory in charts. London: Financial Times; 2017. https://www.ft.com/content/62d782d6-31a7-11e7-9555-23ef563ecf9a?mhq5j=e1
Helms L, editor. Poor leadership and bad governance. Reassessing presidents and prime ministers in North America, Europe and Japan. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar; 2012a.
Helms L, editor. Comparative political leadership. London: Palgrave Studies in Political Leadership; 2012b. https://link.springer.com/bookseries/14602
In’t Veld RJ. Towards knowledge democracy. In: In’t Veld RJ, editor. Knowledge democracy. Consequences for science, politics, and media. Heidelberg: Springer; 2010. p. 1–11. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-11381-9_1.
Kaiser J, Fähnrich B, Rhomberg M, Filzmaier P. What happened to the public sphere? The networked public sphere and public opinion formation. In: Carayannis EG, Campbell DFJ, Efthymiopoulos MP, editors. Handbook of cyber-development, cyber-democracy, and cyber-defense. New York: Springer; 2017. p. 1–28. https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-319-06091-0_31-1.
Spiegel Online. Jetzt streut selbst Trump Zweifel am Wahlergebnis. Hamburg: Der Spiegel; 2016. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/donald-trump-und-die-neuauszaehlung-jetzt-streut-selbst-er-zweifel-am-wahlergebnis-a-1123337.html
The Telegraph. Macron v Le Pen: seven charts that show how we got here – and what will happen next. Jersey: The Telegraph; 2017a. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/macron-won-first-round-french-election-will-facele-pen-second/
The Telegraph. French election results: the maps and charts that explain how macron beat Le Pen to become president. Jersey: The Telegraph; 2017b. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/french-election-results-analysis/
U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Background to “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”: the analytic process and cyber incident attribution. Washington, DC: U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence; 2017. https://www.intelligence.senate.gov/sites/default/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf
Wineroither DM, Kitschelt H. Die Entwicklung des Parteienwettbewerbs in Österreich im internationalen Vergleich. In: Helms L, Wineroither DM, editors. Die österreichische Demokratie im Vergleich. Baden-Baden: Nomos; 2012. p. 193–221.
Xavier RF, Campbell DFJ. The effects of cyberdemocracy on the Middle East: Egypt and Iran. In: Carayannis EG, Campbell DFJ, Efthymiopoulos MP, editors. Cyber-development, cyber-democracy and cyber-defense. Challenges, opportunities and implications for theory, policy and practice. New York: Springer; 2014. p. 147–73. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1028-1_5.
Zandonella M, Perlot F. Wahltagsbefragung und Wählerstromanalyse. BundespräsidentInnenwahl 2016. Vienna: SORA and ISA; 2016a. http://www.sora.at/fileadmin/downloads/wahlen/2016_BP-Stichwahl_Grafiken-Wahltagsbefragung.pdf
Zandonella M, Perlot F. Wahltagsbefragung und Wählerstromanalyse. BundespräsidentInnenwahl 2016. Wiederholung der Stichwahl. Vienna: SORA and ISA; 2016b. http://www.sora.at/fileadmin/downloads/wahlen/2016_BP-Wiederholung_Grafiken-Wahltagsbefragung.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Campbell, D.F.J., Fabrykowska, A., Drexler, A. (2017). Innovations in Presidential Elections: The United States, France, and Austria in Comparison. In: Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6616-1_200083-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6616-1_200083-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6616-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6616-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Business and ManagementReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences