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Environmental Toxicology: Carcinogenesis

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Environmental Toxicology

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Abstract

Carcinogenesis is the induction of cancer by exposure to exogenous agents, chemical or physical carcinogens. Cancer is a large family of life-threatening environmental diseases. This definition is supported by the plethora of published evidence that cancer results from the accumulation of DNA mutations, which in turn depends upon progressive cell divisions. This process takes time. The accumulation of a sufficient allotment of oncogenic genetic errors for cancer to develop occurs over a large number of cell divisions (10s to 1,000s), which may take 10–50 years or more. Even without the intentional introduction of carcinogens into the human body by occupation or habits such as tobacco smoking, alcoholic use, and other life-style choices, our environment provides numerous opportunities and sources of DNA-damaging and potentially mutagenic lesions in our cells.

This chapter was originally published as part of the Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology edited by Robert A. Meyers. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3

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Abbreviations

Complex dose:

The biologically effective (e.g., carcinogenic) dose of an agent that takes into account additive, subtractive, and synergistic interactions in a complex mixture

DNA adduct:

Any covalent addition or modification of a nucleotide or the phosphate backbone in DNA

Driver mutation:

Oncogenic mutations that are primary to the further advancement and development of a cancer

Genotoxic:

Causes DNA damage and/or mutations

Immortal stranding:

The retention of a specific strand of the DNA double helix by a stem cell regardless of how many times the cell divides

Initiation:

The formation of the first oncogenic mutation in a cell

Oncogenic process:

Any process that is involved in the development of a tumor

Proto-oncogene:

A normal gene that upon mutation produces an active oncogenic component in the development of cancer

Promotion:

The effect of encouraging the development of cancer by increasing cellular proliferation and turnover

Tumor suppressor gene:

A normal gene whose expression product appears to block the development of cancer

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    Vincent L. Wilson

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    Edward A. Laws

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Wilson, V.L. (2013). Environmental Toxicology: Carcinogenesis. In: Laws, E. (eds) Environmental Toxicology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5764-0_10

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