Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Handbook of Ethnic Conflict pp 45–69Cite as

Ethno-Cultural Conflict in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Balancing Indigenous Rights and Multicultural Responsibilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: International and Cultural Psychology ((ICUP))

New Zealand Chapter Summary

Ward and Liu present the historical origins of interethnic relations in New Zealand between the Maori and Pakeha and the development of bicultural relations. Further discussion delineates the immigration of several different ethnic groups into New Zealand over the past century, creating a more complex demographic. Existent ideals of the general population reveal signs of tolerance and harmony between ethnic groups. Improvements for the future that will provide the greatest benefit for all New Zealanders are suggested.

Description of colonization reveals initial conflicts over land which was originally guaranteed to remain with the original owners. Recognition of Maori displacement and forced assimilation into cities reveals an early loss of indigenous culture. Protest movements are presented as engendering revival of culture and revision of the initial treaty to include tribal self-management, equality for all, cooperation, and redress. Historical review of the government responses to arrivals of various immigrant groups demonstrates discrimination and European preference. Ward and Liu explain that while these policies have changed, discrimination is still present in many areas. The authors express the view that relative deprivation and relative advantage have increased negative attitudes between groups. Discussion of recent research reveals the prevalence of multicultural ideology in New Zealand today and factors associated with positive attitudes are described. Research is also cited which reflects a preference for integration, but unwillingness to accommodate other cultural practices.

In exploring means to improve ethnic relations, the authors identify the blending of biculturalism and multiculturalism as necessary given the special circumstances in New Zealand. Recent government initiatives are noted to have provided services to help equalize immigrants, particularly the recently proposed Multi-cultural cultural Act which provides recognition of Maori status, cultural maintenance, and participation for all groups.

Cheryl Jorgensen

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Aotearoa (the land of the long white cloud) is the Maori name for New Zealand. We use the terms Aotearoa, New Zealand and Aotearoa/New Zealand interchangeably as they are used within the country.

  2. 2.

    It is likely that the different versions of the Treaty are due to inefficiency rather than design as there were multiple drafts in English, only one of which was given to the missionary Henry Williams to translate; however, according to Ross (1972) that text does not appear to have survived. Today, as New Zealand is party to the Vienna Convention Law on Treaties (1969) and is guided by the rule of “contra proferentem” from international law, the Maori text should be treated as the prime reference in cases of ambiguity or where questions arise as to which text should prevail (Waitangi Tribunal, 1983).

  3. 3.

    New Zealand has 70 general and 7 overlapping Maori electorates to ensure Maori representation in Parliament. Persons of Maori descent may choose registration on either the general or Maori electoral roll to exercise their right to vote in a Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) voting system. Consequently, current Maori representation arises from a combination of seven Maori seats, elected Members of Parliament and those who come to Parliament on a party list as a result of proportional party votes under New Zealand’s electoral system.

  4. 4.

    The poll tax was paid by each Chinese immigrant to be granted entry to New Zealand. The tax was used primarily as a means of deterring immigration.

  5. 5.

    The New Zealand census permits identification with more than one ethnic group so that the total percentage may exceed 100%. In addition, the drop in the New Zealand European population from 80 to 67% between the 2001 and 2006 censuses was largely due to changes in the census ethnic categories, which in 2006 included New Zealander (now classified as other).

  6. 6.

    Similar issues have arisen in Hawaii involving not only land, but also access to education provided by private Kamehameha schools established to educate children of Hawaiian ancestry. See Chap.  2.

  7. 7.

    The New Zealand Dilemma is the symbolic inclusion but resource-based (or economic) exclusion/marginalization of Maori as a consequence of the nation’s wrestling with the historical legacies of colonization. While there are creative elements to this configuration that provide indigenous people with a place in the national consciousness of a settler nation, it falls short of Maori aspirations and expectations for the Treaty of Waitangi, and hence remains a dilemma just as the legacy of slavery is the American dilemma remarked on by Myrdal (1944).

References

  • Allport, G. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anae, M. (1997). Towards a New Zealand-born Samoan identity. Pacific Health Dialog, 4, 128–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansley, B. (2006). So who do we keep out? New Zealand Listener, 205. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.listener.co.nz/issue/3460/features/6926/so_who_do_we_keep_out.htm.

  • Barry, D. T., & Grilo, C. M. (2003). Cultural, self-esteem and demographic correlates of perception of personal and group discrimination among East Asian immigrants. American Journal of Ortho-Psychiatry, 73, 223–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beaglehole, A. (2007). Immigration regulation. Te Ara- The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/ImmigrationRegulation/en.

  • Belich, J. (1986). The New Zealand wars and the Victorian interpretation of racial conflict. Auckland, NZ: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belich, J. (1996). Making peoples: A history of the New Zealanders. Auckland, NZ: Allen Lane/Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (1984). Multicultural policy in Canada: A social psychological analysis. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 16, 353–370.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (2000). Socio-psychological costs and benefits of multiculturalism: A view from Canada. In J. W. Dacyl & C. Westin (Eds.), Governance and cultural diversity (pp. 297–354). Stockholm: UNESCO & CIEFO, Stockholm University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W. (2006). Mutual attitudes among immigrants and ethno-cultural groups in plural societies. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 719–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W., Kalin, R., & Taylor, D. (1977). Multiculturalism and ethnic attitudes in Canada. Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, J. W., Westin, C., Virta, E., Vedder, P., Rooney, R., & Sang, D. (2006). Design of the study: Selecting societies of settlement and immigrant groups. In J. W. Berry, J. S. Phinney, D. L. Sam, & P. Vedder (Eds.), Immigrant youth in cultural transition: Acculturation, identity and adaptation across national contexts (pp. 15–47). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brash, D. (2006). Address to the National Conference of the New Zealand Association for Migration and Investment. Auckland, New Zealand. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from http://www.nzherald.co.nz/opinion/news/article.cfm?c_id=466&objectid=10393450.

  • Brooking, T., & Rabel, R. (1995). Neither British nor Polynesia: A brief history of New Zealand’s other immigrants. In S. Greif (Ed.), Immigration and national identity in New Zealand (pp. 23–49). Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butcher, A., Spoonley, P., & Trlin, A. (2006). Being accepted: The experience of social exclusion and discrimination by migrants and refugees in New Zealand. Occasional paper no. 13, New Settlers Programme. Palmerston North, NZ: Massey University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Byrnes, G. (2005). Nation and identity in the Waitangi Tribunal reports. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities: Departures and destinations (pp. 88–103). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, S., Morris, C., & Vokes, R. (2006). Korean migrant families in Christchurch (Blue Skies Report no. 11/06). Wellington, NZ: Families Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chile, L. (2002). The imported underclass: Poverty and social exclusion of black African refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 43, 355–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coates, K., & Carr, S. (2005). Skilled immigrants and selection bias: A theory-based field study from New Zealand. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 577–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dambrun, M., Taylor, D., McDonald, D. A., Crush, J., & Méot, A. (2006). The relative deprivation-gratification continuum and attitudes of South Africans toward immigrants: A test of the V-curve hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 1034–1044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. (1984). The prehistory of New Zealand. Auckland, NZ: Longman Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Bres, J., & Campbell, R. (1976). The over-stayers: Illegal migration from the Pacific to New Zealand. Auckland, NZ: Auckland Resources Center for World Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devos, T., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). American = White? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 447–466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, K. (2003, April). Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration: An Australian perspective. Paper presented at New Directions, New Settlers, New challenges: Building and enhancing communities Symposium, Wellington, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esses, V. M., Jackson, L. M., & Armstrong, T. L. (1998). Intergroup competition and attitudes toward immigrants and immigration. Journal of Social Issues, 54, 699–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eurobarometer. (2000). Attitudes toward minority groups in the European Union: A special analysis of the Eurobarometer 2000 opinion poll on behalf of the European Monitoring Center on Racism and Xenophobia. Eurobarometer Opinion Poll. Retrieved September 1, 2003, from http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/index_en.htm.

  • Fergusson, D. (2003). Ethnicity and interpersonal violence in a New Zealand birth cohort. In D. F. Hawkins (Ed.), Violent crime: Assessing race and ethnic differences (pp. 138–153). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, B. K., Kolody, B., & Vega, W. A. (2000). Perceived discrimination and depression among Mexican-American adults in California. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 295–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S., Dovidio, J., Anastasio, P., Bachman, B., & Rust, M. (1993). The common in-group identity model: Recategorization and the reduction of intergroup bias. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1–26). Chichester, UK: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaertner, S., Dovidio, J., & Bachman, B. A. (1996). Revisiting the contact hypothesis: The induction of a common in-group identity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 271–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamson, W. A., & Modigliani, A. (1987). The changing culture of affirmative action. In R. G. Braungart & M. M. Braungart (Eds.), Research in political socio­logy (Vol. 3, pp. 137–177). Greenwich, CT: JAI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guerin, B., Guerin, P., Diiriye, R. O., & Abdi, A. (2004). Living in a close community: The everyday life of Somali refugees. Network: Journal of the Australian College Community Psychology, 16, 7–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guimond, S., & Dambrun, M. (2002). When prosperity breeds intergroup hostility: The effects of relative deprivation and relative gratification on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 900–912.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guimond, S., & Dubé-Simard, L. (1983). Relative deprivation theory and the Quebec nationalist movement: The cognition-emotion distinction and the personal-group deprivation issue. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 526–535.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haritatos, J., & Benet-Martínez, V. (2002). Bicultural identities: The interface of cultural, personality and socio-cognitive processes. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 598–606.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, R., Tobias, M., Jeffreys, M., Waldegrave, K., Karlsen, S., & Nazroo, J. (2006). Racism and health: The relationship between experience of racial discrimination and health in New Zealand. Social Science and Medicine, 63, 1428–1441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A., Trlin, A., & Watts, N. (2001). Squandered skills? The employment problems of skilled Chinese immigrants in New Zealand. In R. Starrs (Ed.), Asian nationalisms in an age of globalization (pp. 106–123). Richmond, UK: Curzon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Commission. (2009). Tui Tui Tuituia: Race relations in 2008. Wellington, NZ: Human Rights Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Commission. (2010). Tui Tui Tuituia: Race relations in 2009. Wellington, NZ: Human Rights Commission.

    Google Scholar 

  • Humpage, L., & Fleras, A. (2001). Intersecting discourses: Closing the gaps, social justice and the Treaty of Waitangi. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 16, 37–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunn, J. K. (1961). Report on department of Maori affairs. Wellington, NZ: Government Printer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ip, M. (2003). Maori-Chinese encounters: Indigine-immigrant interaction in New Zealand. Asian Studies Review, 27, 227–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ip, M., & Pang, D. (2005). New Zealand Chinese identity: Sojourners, model minority and multiple identities. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities: Departures and destinations (pp. 174–190). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasperse, M., & Ward, C. (2009, August). Persevere in adversity: Perceived religious discrimination, religious visibility and Islamic identity as predictors of psychological adaptation in Muslim women. Paper presented at the Sixth Biennial Conference of the International Academy of Intercultural Research, Honolulu, HW.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, M. (2003). The Penguin history of New Zealand. Auckland, NZ: Penguin Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkwood, S., Liu, J. H., & Weatherall, A. (2005). Challenging the standard story of indigenous rights in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leckie, J. (1995). South Asians: Old and new migrations. In S. Greif (Ed.), Immigration and national identity in New Zealand (pp. 133–160). Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C.-H., & Ward, C. (2003, April). New Zealanders’ attitudes toward Chinese migrants. Paper presented at New Directions, New Settlers, New Challenges: Building and Enhancing Communities Symposium, Wellington, New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, C.-H., & Ward, C. (2011). Intergroup perceptions and attitudes toward immigrants in a culturally plural society. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60, 46–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, H., & Gezentsvey, M. (2005–2006). The Wellington cemetery desecrations of 2004 – Their impact on local Jews. Journal of New Zealand Studies, 4–5, 91–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liebkind, K., Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., & Teräsaho, M. (2007). Ingroup vitality and intergroup attitudes in a linguistic minority. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 409–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H. (2005). History and identity: A system of checks and balances for Aotearoa/New Zealand. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities: Departures and destinations (pp. 69–87). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H. (2007). Social and historical contexts for restorative and retributive justice: Te Ao Po- Te Ao Marama (worlds of darkness and light). In G. Maxwell & J. H. Liu (Eds.), Restorative justice and practices in New Zealand: Towards a restorative society (pp. 29–39). Wellington, NZ: Institute of Policy Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H., & Mills, D. (2006). Modern racism and market fundamentalism: The discourses of plausible deniability and their multiple functions. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 83–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. H., Wilson, M. S., McClure, J., & Higgins, T. R. (1999). Social identity and the perception of history: Cultural representations of Aotearoa/New Zealand. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 1021–1047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masgoret, A.-M., & Ward, C. (2005, May). Attitudes toward immigrants and immigration in New Zealand. Fourth Biennial Conference of the International Academy of Intercultural Research, Kent, OH.

    Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, T. (2005). Maori identities: Fixed, fluid, forced. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities: Departures and ­destinations (pp. 38–51). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health. (2006a). Tatau kahukura- Maori health chart book (2006). Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health. (2006b). Asian health chart book (2006). Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Health (2007). Pacific health. Retrieved April 30, 2009, from http://www.moh.govt.nz/moh.nsf/indexmh/pacifichealth-health-factors.

  • Ministry of Social Development. (2008). Diverse communities: Exploring the refugee and migrant experience in New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Social Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ministry of Social Development. (2010). The Social report. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/documents/cultural-identity-social-report-2010.pd.

  • Moughan, A. (2010). Identity and leadership in the long-term New Zealand Chinese community. Unpublished Honors thesis, Victoria University of Wellington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mummendy, A., Kessler, T., Klink, A., & Mielke, R. (1999). Strategies to cope with negative social identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 229–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myrdal, G. (1944). An American dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Immigration Service. (1991). New Zealand’s immigration policy. Wellington: New Zealand Immigration Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Immigration Service. (2002). Refugee voices- Interim report: A journey towards resettlement. Wellington, NZ: Department of Labor.

    Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Immigration Service. (2004). Migrants’ experiences of New Zealand: Pilot survey report. Wellington, NZ: Department of Labor.

    Google Scholar 

  • Office of Ethnic Affairs. (2005). New Zealand ethnic profile series (2001 census). Wellington, NZ: New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ongley, P. (1991). Pacific Islands’ migration and the New Zealand labor market. In P. Spoonley, D. Pearson, & C. Macpherson (Eds.), Nga take: Ethnic relations and racism in Aotearoa/New Zealand (pp. 17–36). Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orange, C. (2004). An illustrated history of the treaty of Waitangi. Wellington, NZ: Bridget Williams Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, D. (1990). A deferred dream: The origins of ethnic conflict in New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Allen & Unwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, W. (2002, November). Address to public meeting at Erinlea Lounge, Fahy’s Motor Inn, Tauranga. Retrieved February 12, 2005, from http://www.nzfirst.org.nz/content/display_item.php?t=1&i=808.

  • Pettigrew, T. F. (2002). Summing up: Relative deprivation as a key social psychological construct. In I. Walker & H. Smith (Eds.), Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration (pp. 351–373). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and blatant prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 57–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pettigrew, T. F., & Tropp, L. (2000). Does intergroup contact reduce prejudice: Recent meta-analytic findings. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 93–114). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Elrbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phan, M. B. (2008). We’re all in this together: Context, contacts and social trust in Canada. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 8, 23–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Podsiadlowski, A., & Ward, C. (2010). Global mobility and bias in the workplace. In S. Carr (Ed.), The psychology of mobility in a global era (pp. 279–300). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Quince, K. (2007). Maori and the criminal justice system in New Zealand. In J. Tolmie & W. Brookbanks (Eds.), The criminal justice system in New Zealand (pp. 333–359). Wellington, NZ: LexisNexis Butterworths.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roach, K., & Roskvist, A. (2007). ESOL provision for adult immigrants and refugees in New Zealand: Policy, practice and research. Prospect, 22, 44–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L. (2005). South Asians in Britain: Acculturation, identity and perceived discrimination. Psychology and Developing Societies, 17, 181–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R. (1972). Te Tiriti of Waitangi – texts and translations. New Zealand Journal of History, 6, 129–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, C. G., & Barlow, F. K. (2009). The ubiquity of Whiteness in majority group national imagination: Australian = White, but New Zealander does not. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61, 119–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2004). Attitudes towards biculturalism in New Zealand: Social dominance and Pakeha attitudes towards the general principles and resource-specific aspects of bicultural policy. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33, 88–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, C. G., & Liu, J. H. (2007). New Zealand = bicultural? Implicit and explicit associations between ethnicity and nationhood in the New Zealand context. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 1222–1243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sibley, C. G., Liu, J. H., Duckitt, J., & Khan, S. S. (2008). Social representations of history and the legitimation of social inequality: The form and function of historical negation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 38, 542–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, L. T. (1999). Decolonising methodologies. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spoonley, P. (1993). Racism and ethnicity (2nd ed.). Melbourne, AU: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spoonley, P., Gendall, P., & Trlin, A. (2007). Welcome to our world: Attitudes of New Zealanders to immigrants and immigration. Occasional paper no. 14. New Settlers Programme. Palmerston North, NZ: Massey University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2002a). Pacific progress: A report on the economic status of Pacific peoples in New Zealand. Wellington, NZ: Statistics New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2002b). 2001 Census: People born overseas. Wellington, NZ: Information and Publishing Services, Statistics New Zealand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2007a). Quick stats about culture and identity: 2006 Census on population and dwellings. Retrieved from April 20, 2009, http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm.

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2007b). Quick stats about Maori: 2006 Census on population and dwellings. Retrieved from April 20, 2009, http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-maori/2006-census-quickstats-about-maori-revised.htm.

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2007c). Quick stats about Pacific peoples: 2006 Census on population and dwellings. Retrieved April 20, 2009, http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para016Master.

  • Statistics New Zealand. (2007d). Quick stats about incomes: 2006 Census on population and dwellings. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-incomes/quickstats-about-incomes.htm?page=para­014Master.

  • Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory of prejudice. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–46). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, P., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants: An integrated threat theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2221–2237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, J., & Ward, C. (2009, November). On being Muslim in New Zealand. Presentation to the Office of Ethnic Affairs, Wellington, New Zealand

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, J., Ward, C., & Adam, Z. (2010). Current issues in the development and acculturation of Muslim youth. Bulletin of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, 2, 9–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuart, J., Ward, C., Jose, P., & Narayanan, P. (2010). Working with and for communities: A collaborative study of harmony and conflict in well-functioning, acculturating families. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34, 114–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, B. (2004). (The) nation-state matters: Comparing multiculturalism(s) in an age of globalization. In D. L. Li (Ed.), Globalization and the humanities (pp. 135–157). Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turia, T. (2008). Speech to the New Zealand Federation of Ethnic Councils AGM. June 28, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2009, from http://www.infonews.co.nz/news.cfm?l=1&t=0&id=23216.

  • Van Dijk, T. (1993). Elite discourses and racism. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkuyten, M. (2002). Perception of ethnic discrimination by minority and majority early adolescents in the Netherlands. International Journal of Psychology, 3, 321–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waitangi Tribunal (1983). Report of the Waitangi Tribunal on the Motunui–Waitara Claim. Retrieved November 1, 2010, from http://www.waitangi-tribunal.govt.nz/reports/viewchapter.asp?reportID=0ff26c03-f956-40fa-adb0-61ea0843f885&chapter=1.

  • Walker, R. (1990). Ka whawhai tonu matou (Struggle without end). Auckland, NZ: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R. (1995). Immigration policy and the political economy of New Zealand. In S. Greif (Ed.), Immigration and national identity in New Zealand (pp. 282–302). Palmerston North, NZ: Dunmore Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C. (2009). Acculturation and social cohesion: Emerging issues for Asian immigrants in New Zealand. In C.-H. Leong & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Intercultural relations in Asia: Migration and work effectiveness (pp. 3–24). Singapore: World Scientific.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., Bochner, S., & Furnham, A. (2001). The psychology of culture shock. London, UK: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Leong, C.-H. (2006). Intercultural relations in plural societies: Theory, research and applications. In D. Sam & J. W. Berry (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of acculturation psychology (pp. 484–503). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Lin, E.-Y. (2005). Identity, acculturation and national identity. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand ­identities: Departures and destinations (pp. 155–173). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2006). An integrated model of attitudes toward immigrants. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 671–682.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2007). Immigrant entry into the workforce: A research note from New Zealand. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 31, 525–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, C., & Masgoret, A.-M. (2008). Attitudes toward immigrants, immigration and multiculturalism in New Zealand. International Migration Review, 42, 227–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, N., & Trlin, A. (1999). Cultural resources of immigrants and international business in New Zealand. New Zealand Population Review, 25, 119–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, N., & Trlin, A. (2000). Diversity as a productive resource: Employment of immigrants from non-­English-speaking backgrounds in New Zealand. Social Policy Journal of New Zealand, 15, 87–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M. G., Gahlout, P., Liu, L., & Mouly, S. (2005). A rose by any other name: The effect of ethnicity and name on access to employment. University of Auckland Business Review, 7, 64–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zodgekar, A. (2005). The changing face of New Zealand’s population and national identity. In J. H. Liu, T. McCreanor, T. McIntosh, & T. Teaiwa (Eds.), New Zealand identities: Departures and ­destinations (pp. 140–154). Wellington, NZ: Victoria University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Applied Cross-cultural Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

    Colleen Ward & James H. Liu

Authors
  1. Colleen Ward
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James H. Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Colleen Ward .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. Psychology, University of Hawaii, Hilo, W. Kawili 200, Hilo, 96720, Hawaii, USA

    Dan Landis

  2. Dept. Communication Studies, University of Minnesota, Church St. SE., 224, Minneapolis, 55455, Minnesota, USA

    Rosita D. Albert

Glossary of Maori Terms

Hapu

Subdivision of iwi, a subtribe determined by genealogical descent

Hikoi

Protest march

Hui

A meeting, often on a marae

Iwi

Tribe, sometimes under a paramount chief

Kaitiakitanga

Guardianship of the environment, ensuring balance between nature and communities

Kawanatanga

Governorship

Kohanga reo

Preschool Maori language centers, also called Maori language nests

Kura kaupapa

Maori language primary schools

Manaakitanga

Looking after people and nurturing positive relationships, Maori hospitality

Marae

Maori meeting house

Nga Tamatoa

The Warriors, a Maori activist group

Pakeha

Non-Maori persons, typically used to refer to people of European descent

Te Papa Tongarewa

Container of treasures, Aotearoa/New Zealand’s national museum

Te Puni Kokiri

Ministry of Maori Development

Te reo

The Maori language

Te Tiriti o Waitangi

Treaty of Waitangi

Tino rangatiratanga

Self-determination, also translated as sovereignty, sometimes used to refer to Maori independence

Waka

Large canoe

Whanau

Extended family

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ward, C., Liu, J.H. (2012). Ethno-Cultural Conflict in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Balancing Indigenous Rights and Multicultural Responsibilities. In: Landis, D., Albert, R. (eds) Handbook of Ethnic Conflict. International and Cultural Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0448-4_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation