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Reproductive System

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A Practical Guide to Human Cancer Genetics

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Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in women, accounting for 20 % of all new cases of cancer. The lifetime risk of breast cancer in the UK is one in nine females, with an annual incidence of <10 per 100,000 women aged <30 years, rising to 300 per 100,000 in women aged over 85 years. Similar, but slightly higher rates are seen in North America. It is rare in men (<1 per 100,000). Breast cancer incidence shows marked geographical variation: it is much less common in Asian than in Caucasian women and less frequent in South America and Spain than in Northern Europe, North America, and Australia. In India, the prevalence is lower (although rising) among most ethnic groups. In North America, the incidence of breast cancer appears to have increased in recent years; most of this increase is due to mammographic detection of ductal carcinoma in situ leading to early diagnosis of minimally invasive ductal carcinoma. It is notable that the rates of breast cancer to age 40 are fairly stable around the globe (Narod 2012a). Nearly all the differences in incidence from country to country occur in women diagnosed above this age, and it is even more noticeable in women diagnosed in the postmenopausal years (Leong et al. 2010), suggesting that nongenetic factors predominate in women diagnosed at older ages. Because the known highly penetrant breast cancer susceptibility genes cannot explain most of the diagnoses of breast cancer in women diagnosed under 40 years of age (they are clearly highly “genetic”), other genetic mechanisms must be at play.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Genetics, St Georges Hospital, London, UK

    Shirley V. Hodgson

  2. Program in Cancer Genetics Department of Human Genetics, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

    William D. Foulkes

  3. Genomic Medicine Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Charis Eng

  4. Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Eamonn R. Maher

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  1. Shirley V. Hodgson
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  2. William D. Foulkes
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  3. Charis Eng
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  4. Eamonn R. Maher
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Hodgson, S.V., Foulkes, W.D., Eng, C., Maher, E.R. (2014). Reproductive System. In: A Practical Guide to Human Cancer Genetics. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2375-0_6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2375-0_6

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