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Patterns of jellyfish abundance in the North Atlantic

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Jellyfish Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Recent Advances

Part of the book series: Developments in Hydrobiology ((DIHY,volume 206))

Abstract

A number of explanations have been advanced to account for the increased frequency and intensity at which jellyfish (pelagic cnidarians and ctenophores) blooms are being observed, most of which have been locally directed. Here, we investigate seasonal and inter-annual patterns in abundance and distribution of jellyfish in the North Atlantic Ocean to determine if there have been any system-wide changes over the period 1946-2005, by analysing records of the presence of coelenterates from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. Peaks in jellyfish abundance are strongly seasonal in both oceanic and shelf areas: oceanic populations have a mid-year peak that is more closely related to peaks in phyto- and zooplankton, whilst the later peak of shelf populations mirrors changes in SST and reflects processes of advection and aggregation. There have been large amplitude cycles in the abundance of oceanic and shelf jellyfish (although not synchronous) over the last 60 years, with a pronounced synchronous increase in abundance in both areas over the last 10 years. Inter-annual variations in jellyfish abundance in oceanic areas are related to zooplankton abundance and temperature changes, but not to the North Atlantic Oscillation or to a chlorophyll index. The long-term inter-annual abundance of jellyfish on the shelf could not be explained by any environmental variables investigated. As multi-decadal cycles and more recent increase in jellyfish were obvious in both oceanic and shelf areas, we conclude that these are likely to reflect an underlying climatic signal (and bottom-up control) rather than any change in fishing pressure (top-down control). Our results also highlight the role of the CPR data in investigating long-term changes in jellyfish, and suggest that the cnidarians sampled by the CPR are more likely to be holoplanktic hydrozoans and not the much larger meroplanktic scyphozoans as has been suggested previously.

Guest editors: K. A. Pitt & J. E. Purcell Jellyfish Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Recent Advances

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville, South Africa

    Mark J. Gibbons

  2. Climate Adaptation Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Cleveland, QLD 4163, Australia

    Anthony J. Richardson

  3. School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland QLD, 4072, Australia

    Anthony J. Richardson

  4. The Laboratory, Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science, Citadel Hill, The Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK

    Anthony J. Richardson

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  1. Mark J. Gibbons
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Australian Rivers Institute and Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Australia

    Kylie A. Pitt

  2. Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington University, Washington, USA

    Jennifer E. Purcell

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Gibbons, M.J., Richardson, A.J. (2008). Patterns of jellyfish abundance in the North Atlantic. In: Pitt, K.A., Purcell, J.E. (eds) Jellyfish Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Recent Advances. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 206. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9749-2_4

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