The life cycle and biology of the warble fly, Hypoderma bovis, and of Hypoderma lineatum, exhibit regional and local variation attributable to climatic and weather conditions (Fig. 57).
Life cycle of Hypoderma spp. on cattle: eggs (a) are deposited on the legs of the host; larvae (b) burrow into the animal and migrate through the animal, eventually reaching the back where a swelling (warble) is formed (d); the mature larva drops to the soil to pupate (e) and an adult emerges from the pupa.
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Reina, D., Martínez, J., Hernández, E., Navarrete, I. (2008). Bovine Hypodermosis: Phenology in Europe. In: Capinera, J.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_424
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