Forests provide an abundant, locally available and environmentally renewable source of fuel. However, their utilization has to be sustainable on an ecological, economic and social basis to ensure that future generations can utilize the forest resources with the same intensity. The benefits of wood as a fuel have been known throughout history and forests have undergone periods of heavy exploitation. Today, attitudes towards the forest have changed considerably, and in developed countries the health of the forest ecosystem has become an important topic on the agenda of environmentalists, politicians and society at large.
The Nordic and Baltic countries have a high share of forest and other wooded land per capita, 2.8 and 1.1 ha per capita respectively. In Europe as a whole the share of forest and other wooded land per capita is even smaller at 0.7 ha. This illustrates the large amount of resources available within the region.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
2.6 References
Alakangas E, Paju P (2002) Wood Pellets in Finland - Technology, Economy and Market. Opet Report 5. Jyväskyla, VTT Processes, 64 pp + app. 24 pp
Andersson G, Asikainen A, Björheden R, Hall PW, Hudson JB, Jirjis R, Mead DJ, Nurmi J, Weetman GF (2002) Production of forest energy. In: Richardson J, Björheden R, Hakkila P, Lowe AT, Smith CT (eds) Bioenergy from Sustainable Forestry. Guiding Principles and Practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 344 pp
Asikainen A, Löytömäki J, Ala-Muka H, Bumanis K, Gedrovics M, Heiskanen VP, Kojo R, Simula M, Tuherm H (2001a) Sawdust and Wood Waste Strategy for Latvia. 1st World Conference on Biomass for Energy and Industry, Sevilla, Spain, 5-9 June 2000, pp 1285-1288
Asikainen A, Ranta T, Laitila J, Hämäläinen J (2001b) Cost factors and large scale procurement of logging residue chips. University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry, Research Notes 131, 107 pp
Berndes G (2001) Biomass in the energy system resource requirements and competition for land. Diss: Department of Physical Resource Theory, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, 150 pp
Björheden R (2005) The effects of the storm Gudrun on the South Swedish bioenergy sector. Proceedings of the Bioenergy in Wood Industry 2005 Conference, pp 121-127
Commission of the European Communities (2005) Communication from the Commission Biomass Action Plan {SEC(2005) 1573}. Brussels.
Egnell G, Nohrstedt H-Ö, Weslien J, Westling O, Örlander G (1998) Miljökon-sekvensbeskrivning (MKB) av skogsbränsleuttag, asktillförsel och övrig näringskompensation. Skogsstyrelsen Report 1-1998, Jönköping, 169 pp (In Swedish)
Egnell G, Bergh J, Dahlberg A, Rytter L, Westling O (2006) Miljöeffekter av skogsbränsleuttag och askåterföring i Sverige - En syntes av Energimyn-dighetens forskningsprogram 1997 till 2004. Energimyndigheten, Eskilstuna, Rapport 2006-44
European Environmental Agency (2006) Digital map of European ecological regions. http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/atlas/viewdata/viewpub.asp?id=7 June 2006
Gold S (2003) The development of European forest resources, 1950 to 2000. A study implemented in the framework of the European Forest Sector Outlook Study (EFSOS). United Nations, Geneva, Timber and Forest Discussion Papers, 111 pp
Hakkila P (1989) Utilization of residual forest biomass. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer. Heidelberg, New York, 568 pp
Hakkila P (1991) Hakkuupoistuman latvusmassa. Folia Forestalia. 773, 24 pp
Hakkila P (2004) Developing technology for large-scale production of forest chips. Wood Energy Technology Programme 1999-2003. Technology Programme Report 6/2004, 135 pp
Hakkila P, Parikka M (2002) Fuel Resources from the forest. In: Richardson J, Björheden R, Hakkila P, Lowe AT, Smith CT (eds) Bioenergy from Sustainable Forestry. Guiding Principles and Practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 344 pp
Hall DO, Coombs J (1987) Biomass energy in Europe. In: Biomassan uusia jalos-tusmahdollisuuksia. (New possibilities to process biomass.) VTT Symposium 75, Espoo, pp 27-49
Kairiukstis L, Jaskelevicius B (2003) Forest energy resources and their utilization in Lithuania. Baltic Forestry vol. 9/2 pp 29-41
Karjalainen T, Asikainen A, Ilavsky J, Zamboni R, Hotari K-E, Röser D (2004) Estimation of Energy Wood Potential in Europe. Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 6, 43 pp
Kuusela K (1994) Forest resources in Europe. EFI Research Report 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 154 pp
Laitila J, Asikainen A, Sikanen L, Korhonen KT, Nuutinen Y (2004) Pienpuuhakkeen kustannustekijät ja toimituslogistiikka. Metlan työraportteja/Working Papers of the Finnish Forest Research Institute 3, 57 pp (In Finnish)
Muiste P, Kakko T (2004) Energywood harvesting in Estonia. Silva Carelica 45. University of Joensuu, pp 72-78
Nord-Larsen T, Heding H (2003) Træbrændselsressourcer fra de danske skove. Prognose 2002. 1/03, Dansk Skovbrugs Tidsskrift, 72 pp (in Danish).
Nurmi J (1993) Heating values of the above ground biomass of small-sized trees. Acta Forestalia Fennica 236, 30 pp
Nurmi J (1997) Heating values of mature trees. Acta Forestalia Fennica 256
Nurmi J, Kokko (eds) (2001) Biomassan tehostetun talteenoton seuranaisvaikutukset metsässä. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 816, 80 pp (In Finnish)
Pirinen H (1997) Pilkeopas omakotitaloille. Huhmar. Työtehoseura, 36 pp (In Finnish)
Ranta T (2003) Logging residues from regeneration fellings for biofuel production - a GIS based availability and supply cost analysis. Acta Universitatits Lappeenrantaensis 128, 166 pp
Richardson J, Björheden R, Hakkila P, Lowe A, Smith C (2002) Bioenergy from Sustainable Forestry - Guiding Principles and Practice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 344 pp
Röser D, Asikainen A, Gjølsø S, Jaskelevicius B, Johansson D, Jylhä P, Kairiukstis L, Konstantinova I, Lileng J, Lunnan A, Mandre M, Nurmi J, Pärn H, Saksa T, Sikanen L, Suadicani K, Toropainen M, Vilriste L (2003) Wood Fuel Resources and Bottlenecks of Utilization in Baltic and Nordic countries. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 901, 67 pp
Röser D, Pasanen K, Asikainen A (2006) Decision-support program “EnerTree” for analyzing forest residue recovery options. Biomass and Bioenergy 30:326-333
Schmidt O (2003) Der Energiegehalt von Holz und seine Bewertung. LWF Merkblatt Nr. 12. (In German)
Seppänen A, Kärhä K (2003) Pilkekauppa Suomessa. Työtehoseura. Metsätiedote 662. 6 pp. (In Finnish)
Sevola Y, Peltola A, Moilanen J (2003) Polttopuun käyttö pientaloissa 2000/2001. Metsäntutkimuslaitoksen tiedonantoja 894, 30 pp (In Finnish)
Spiecker H, Mielikäinen K, Köhl M, Skovsgaard JP (1996) Conclusion and Summary. In: Spiecker H, Mielikäinen K, Köhl M and Skovsgaard JP (eds) Growth Trends in European Forests. European Forest Institute, Research Report No. 5. Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany
Statistics Finland (2005) Energy Statistics 2005. Energy 2005:2 149 pp
United Nations (2005) Forest Resources of Europe, CIS, North America, Australia, Japan and New Zealand. (Industrialized temperate/boreal countries) UN-ECE/FAO Contribution to the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000. Main Report. United Nations, New York and Geneva, 445 pp
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Röser, D., Asikainen, A., Stupak, I., Pasanen, K. (2008). Forest Energy Resources And Potentials. In: Röser, D., Asikainen, A., Raulund-Rasmussen, K., Stupak, I. (eds) Sustainable Use of Forest Biomass for Energy. Managing Forest Ecosystems, vol 12. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5054-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5054-1_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-5053-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-5054-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)