Abstract
Events such as internal wars, the collapse of state functions, and dire economic privations have driven increasing numbers from home surroundings and across borders. Regardless of origin, these problems have been magnified in scale, complexity and controversy. Refugee issues are far-reaching on account of the numbers forced to flee and consequential dislocations sustained to family connections, human rights, entitlements of children, and those made vulnerable through age, infirmity, trauma of conflict, or catastrophic dislocation. Factors causing flight are often diverse, but prominently include gross persecution inflamed by loss of land, poverty, denied relief, and severe post-conflict social dislocation. Rarely do such forces work alone when uprooting people and forcing them to flee beyond borders. This dynamic is also related to the international system: the refugee phenomenon has been described as ‘one of the most tangible manifestations of the aftermath of the Cold War’.1
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Arthur C. Helton, ‘Displacement and Human Rights: Current Dilemmas in Refugee Protection’, Journal of International Affairs, 47, 2 (1994), 379.
Tom J. Farer, ‘How the International System Copes with Involuntary Migration: Norms, Institutions, and State Practice’, Human Rights Quarterly, 17, 1 (1995), 94–5.
Assefaw Briagaber, ‘Linking Political Violence and Refugee Situations in the Horn of Africa: An Empirical Approach’, International Migration Review, XXXIII, 2 (1995), 224.
Patricia Hyndman, ‘Developing International Refugee Law in the Asia Pacific Region: Some Issues and Prognoses’, Asia Yearbook of International Law, 1 (1991), 32.
Malaysia admitted to so-called ‘push-back’ policies in 1991. Anne C. Barcher, ‘First Asylum in Southeast Asia: Contemporary Norm or Ephemeral Concept?’, New York University Journal of International Law, 24, 3 (1992), 1256. UNHCR documentation exists of Singapore naval craft towing refugees back out to sea: Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 June 1980, 16.
Chan Kwok Bun and Kenneth Christie, ‘Past, Present and Future: The Indochinese Refugee Experience Twenty Years Later’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 8, 1 (1995), 79.
Lesleyanne Hawthorne, Refugee: The Vietnam Experience (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1982), 227. Ramses Amer,’ sino-Vietnamese Normalization in the Light of the Crisis of the late 1970s’, Pacific Affairs, 67, 2 (1994), 381, fn. 84.
Dennis McNamara, ‘The Origins and Effects of “Humane Deterrence” Policies in South-east Asia’, in Gil Loescher and Laila Monahan (eds), Refugees and International Relations (New York: OUP, 1989), 124–5.
Gil Loescher, Beyond Charity: International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 19.
Research exists indicating that those fleeing for primarily economic reasons may prove the best candidates for integration into a new homeland. Howard Adelman, Canada and the Indochina Refugees (Regina: Weigl Education Associates), 1982, 14.
Cited by James Hathaway, ‘Labelling the “Boat People”: The Failure of the Human Rights Mandate of the Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochinese Refugees’, Human Rights Quarterly, 15, 4 (1993), 688, fn. 16.
Frances Williams, ‘Involuntary Return’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 June 1989, 22.
Carlyle Thayer, ‘Vietnamese Refugees: Why the Outflow Continues’, in Amin Saikal (ed.), Refugees in the Modern World (Canberra: Department of International Relations ANU, 1989), 77.
Pierre-Michel Fontaine, ‘The Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) on Indo-Chinese Refugees: Prospects for the Post-CPA and Implications for a Regional Approach to Refugee Problems’, Pacifica Review, 7, 2 (1995), 44–5.
Jan Stuyt, ‘The Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indochina Refugees: An NGO Approach’, Chinese Yearbook of International Law and Affairs, 11 (1991–2), 34–49.
Arthur Helton, ‘The Comprehensive Plan of Action for Indo-Chinese Refugees: An Experiment in Refugee Protection and Control’, in Uncertain Haven: Refugee Protection on the Fortieth Anniversary of the 1951 United Nations Refugee Convention (New York: Lawyers Committee for Human Rights, 1991), 52.
Fernando Del Mundo, ‘Vietnamese Returnees find New Hope in the Future’, Refugees, 92 (April 1993), 35.
Erika Feller, ‘Legal Framework for the Protection of Refugees, Displaced Persons and Returnees; Principles of Voluntary Return’, INSAF (Journal of the Malaysian Bar), XIII, 2 (1994), 47.
Ruth Marshall, ‘Final Act: closing down the CPA’, Refugees, 99, 1 (1995), 11.
Daniel O’Donnell, ‘Resettlement or Repatriation: Screened-Out Vietnamese Child Asylum Seekers and the Convention on the Rights of the Child’, International Commission of Jurists: The Review, 52 (1994), 32.
Penelope Mathew, ‘Sovereignty and the Right to Seek Asylum: The Case of Cambodian Asylum-Seekers in Australia’, Australian Yearbook of International Law, 15, (1994), 72.
Vance Geiger, ‘The Return of the Border Khmer: Repatriation and Reintegration of Refugees from the Thai-Cambodian Border’, in Peter Utting (ed.), Between Hope and Insecurity: The Social Consequences of the Cambodian Peace Process (Geneva: UNRISD, 1994), 187.
Tim Allen and Hubert Morinsk, ‘Introduction’, in Tim Allen and Hubert Morinsk (eds), When Refugees Go Home (New Jersey: African World Press/UNRISD, 1994), 34, fn. 9.
Everett M. Ressler, Neil Boothby, and Daniel J. Steinbock, Unaccompanied Children: Care and Protection in Wars, Natural Disasters, and Refugee Movements (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 110.
Kenton J. Clymer, ‘American Assistance to Cambodian Resistance Forces’, Indochina Issues (April, 1990), 2.
Nayan Chanda, ‘Misery’s Role in the Power Game’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 25 July 1980, 9.
Iain Guest, ‘Cambodia Homeward Bound’, Refugees, 89 (1992), 24.
Paul Davenport, Joan Healy, and Kevin Malone, Vulnerable in the Village: A Study of Returnees in Battambang Province Cambodia (Phnom Penh: 1995), 18–21.
Gil Loescher, ‘The International Refugee Regime: Stretched to the Limit?’, Journal of International Affairs, 47, 2 (1994), 367–8.
Mary P. Callaghan, ‘Burma in 1995’, Asian Survey, 36, 2 (1996), 163.
Bruce Matthews, ‘Myanmar’s Agony: The Struggle for Democracy’, The Round Table, 325 (1993), 42.
S. Kamaluddin, ‘The Arakan Exodus’, Far Eastern Economic Review, 26 March 1992, 34. See also Thomas K. Ragland, ‘Burma’s Rohingyas in Crisis: Protection of “Humanitarian” Refugees under International Law’, Boston College Third World Law Journal, 14, 2 (1994), 301.
William McGowan, ‘Burmese Hell’, World Policy Journal, 10, 2 (1993), 51.
Center for East Asian Pacific Studies (University of Illinois), Burma Press Summary 9, 11 (1995), 6.
Carmel Budiardjo and Liem Soei Liong, West Papua: The Obliteration of a People (London: TAPOL, Indonesian Human Rights Campaign, 1988), 104.
Raymond Hall, ‘Indo-Chinese Refugees and Asylum Seekers: Looking for New Solutions’, Refugees, 65 (1989), 21.
Note for example, Sadruddin Aga Khan, Study on Human Rights and Massive Exoduses: Special Report to the Commission on Human Rights, 38th Session of the United Nations. ECOSOC, E/CN.4/1503, 1981.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1998 Roderic Alley
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Alley, R. (1998). The UN and Refugees. In: The United Nations in Southeast Asia and the South Pacific. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26825-2_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26825-2_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-26827-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-26825-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)