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Molecular Mechanisms for Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Abstract:

An increasing volume of experimental and clinical data indicates that early brain injury after initial bleeding largely contributes to unfavorable outcome and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Patients who recover from cerebral ischemia caused by intracranial pressure (ICP) raised over diastolic blood pressure suffer from severe injury to the brain tissues and cerebral microvasculature. This chapter aims to review: (1) pathophysiological factors and molecular agents acting on cerebral and vascular tissues after initial bleeding; (2) molecular responses to the early intracranial phenomena in SAH; (3) molecular signaling that contributes to the early development of pathological sequelae of SAH, including blood–brain barrier rupture, brain edema, and apoptosis; and (4) molecular mechanisms of cell death in the brain occurring early after SAH.

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Abbreviations

20‐HETE:

20‐hydroxyeiscosatetraenoic acid

5HT1B :

5‐hydroxytryptamine 1B

AMPA:

alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxasole‐4‐propionate

AQP1:

aquaporin‐1

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

BBB:

blood–brain barrier

BNIP3:

E1B 19K/Bcl‐2‐binding protein Nip3

CBF:

cerebral blood flow

cGMP:

cyclic guanosine monophosphate

CGRP:

calcitonin gene‐related peptide

COX‐2:

cyclooxygenase‐2

CPP:

cerebral perfusion pressure

CSF:

cerebrospinal fluid

DAG:

diacylglycerol

ERK1/2:

extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2

ET‐1:

endothelin‐1

FADD:

Fas‐associated protein with death domain

GPCR:

G protein–coupled receptors

GSH‐Px:

glutathione peroxidase

HIF‐1:

hypoxia‐inducible factor 1

ICP:

intracranial pressure

IL‐1β:

interleukin‐1β

IL‐6:

interleukin‐6

iNOS:

inducible nitric oxide synthase

JNK:

c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase

LPA:

lysophosphatidic acid

LTC4:

leukotriene C4

MAPK:

mitogen‐activated protein kinase

MEK:

mitogen‐activated protein kinase

MMP‐9:

matrix metalloproteinase‐9

NFκB:

Nuclear Factor kappa B

NIX:

Nip3‐like protein X

NMDA:

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate

NO:

nitric oxide

NOS:

nitric oxide synthase

PARP:

poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase

PDEV:

phosphodiesterase enzyme type V

PDGF:

platelet‐derived growth factor

PG6‐keto F1α:

6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α

PGE2:

prostaglandin E2

PGF2α:

prostaglandin F2α

PI3K:

phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase

PKC:

protein kinase C

PLC:

phospholipase C

PP1:

Src‐family tyrosine kinase inhibitor

PTK:

nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase

RIP1:

receptor-interacting protein-1

SAH:

subarachnoid hemorrhage

SH2:

Src‐homology 2

SOD:

superoxide dismutase

SP:

substance P

TNF‐α:

tumor necrosis factor α

TRAF:

TNF receptor‐associated factor

TUNEL:

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling

TXA2:

thromboxane A2

TXB2:

thromboxane B2

VEGF:

vascular endothelial growth factor

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Acknowledgments

This work was partially supported by American Heart Association Bugher Foundation for Stroke Award and by NIH NS45694, NS43338, and HD43120 to JHZ.

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  1. R. P. Ostrowski
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  2. A. R. T. Colohan
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  3. J. H. Zhang
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, 10962, Orangeburg, Newyork, USA

    Abel Lajtha (Director) (Director)

  2. Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, and Program in Neurosciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, 94305-5487, USA

    Pak H. Chan (Director Neurosurgical Labouratories) (Director Neurosurgical Labouratories)

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Ostrowski, R.P., Colohan, A.R.T., Zhang, J.H. (2007). Molecular Mechanisms for Early Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. In: Lajtha, A., Chan, P.H. (eds) Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30383-3_13

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