This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
1“Essential medicines” is a term coined by the 1977 World Health Organization’s first Model List of Essential Medicines, which established the first international guidelines for medicines that all governments should make available to their populations. The concept of essential medicines will be revisited in chapters 6 and 7.
- 2.
2Path dependence is a political science theory that holds that once an institutional trajectory is established, it becomes increasingly more difficult for political actors or other forces to change the course of that institution’s development, particularly as other social developments reinforce existing institutional arrangements over time. Because events that occur early in a chain of events often define the path of institutional development, they may be of greater significance than later events. Moreover, because the cost of switching from one alternative may vary at different points in time, when something happens may be as important as what happened [19, 20].
- 3.
3In path dependency theory, critical junctures refer to turning points in which one path is chosen that has important implications for institutional outcomes. Critical junctures are events whose outcomes are not set in stone; a variety of alternatives that did not occur might have produced a different outcome. Critical junctures are frequently occurrences without concrete explanations whose outcome was not determined by the previous set of conditions or theories. However, analyzing the social phenomena leading up to the critical juncture often elucidates the social and institutional conditions that gave rise to the critical juncture [19, 21].
- 4.
4In historical institutional theory, “positive feedback” refers to a social process that reinforces previous social outcomes.
- 5.
5Guerra is alive today but was critically injured in a car accident in 1996. She has never fully recovered and was therefore unable to be interviewed for this research.
References
UNAIDS (2007). Epidemic Update. Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS.
WHO (2007). Towards Universal Access: Scaling Up Priority Interventions in the Health Sector, 2007 Progress Report. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization.
UNAIDS (2006). Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS.
WHO (2006). Progress on Global Access to HIV Antiretroviral Therapy: A Report on “3 by 5” and Beyond. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organization.
Marins, J.R., Jamal, L., Chen, S., et al. (2003). Dramatic improvement in survival among adult Brazilian AIDS patients. AIDS 17(11): 1675–82.
Teixeira, P., Vitoria, M.A. and Barcarolo, J. (2004). Antiretroviral treatment in resource-poor settings: The Brazilian experience. AIDS 18(suppl 3): S5–7.
Campos, D.P., Ribeiro, S.R., Grinsztejn, B., et al. (2005). Survival of AIDS patients using two case definitions, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1986–2003. AIDS 19(suppl 4): S22–6.
Hacker, M., Petersen, M., Enriquez, M., et al. (2004). Highly active antiretroviral therapy in Brazil: The challenge of universal access in a context of social inequality. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 16(2): 78–83.
Dourado, I., Veras, M.A., Barreira, D., et al. (2006). Tendências da Epidemia de AIDS no Brasil Após a Terapia Anti-retroviral. Revista de Saúde Pública 40(suppl): 91–7.
Souza-Junior, P., Szwarcwald, C., Barbosa, J.A., et al. (2004). HIV infection during pregnancy: The Sentinel Surveillance Project, Brazil 2002. Revista de Saúde Pública 38(6): 764–72.
Lei 9.313: Dispõe Sobre a distribuição Gratuita de Medicamentos aos Portadores do HIV e Doentes de AIDS (1996).
WTO (1995). Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, World Trade Organization.
Brazil (1996). Lei de Propriedade Industrial. Lei No. 9.2779/96.
WTO (2001). Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, World Trade Organization. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/2.
Galvão, J. (2000). AIDS no Brasil: A Agenda de Construção de uma Epidemia. Rio de Janeiro, ABIA.
Berkman, A., Garcia, J., Munoz-Laboy, M., et al. (2005). A critical analysis of the Brazilian response to HIV/AIDS: Lessons learned for controlling and mitigating the epidemic in developing countries. American Journal of Public Health 95(7): 1162–72.
Steinmo, S., Thelen, K. and Longstreth, F., Eds. (1992). Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis. New York, NY, Cambridge University Press.
Mahoney, J. and Rueschermeyer, D. (2003). Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Pierson, P. (2004). Politics in Time: History, Institutions and Social Analysis. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
Mahoney, J. (2003). Strategies of Causal Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis. In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Mahoney, J. (2000). Path dependence in historic sociology. Theory and Society 29(4): 507–48.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2009 Springer Science + Business Media LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nunn, A. (2009). Introduction. In: The Politics and History of AIDS Treatment in Brazil. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09618-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09618-6_1
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-09617-9
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-09618-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)