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Coasts

Complex Changes Affecting the Northwest’s Diverse Shorelines

  • Chapter
Book cover Climate Change in the Northwest

Part of the book series: NCA Regional Input Reports ((NCARIR))

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Abstract

The many thousands of miles of Northwest (NW) marine coastline are extremely diverse and contain important human-built and natural assets upon which our communities and ecosystems depend. Due to the variety of coastal landform types (e.g., sandy beaches, rocky shorelines, bluffs of varying slopes and composition, river deltas, and estuaries), the region’s marine coastal areas stand to experience a wide range of climate impacts, in both type and severity. These impacts include increases in ocean temperature and acidity, erosion, and more severe and frequent inundation from the combined effects of rising sea levels and storms, among others.

Northwest Report Chapter Lead Author

Third NCA Northwest Chapter Lead Author

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Notes

  1. 1.

    ENSO and other large-scale regional climatic factors are discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.

  2. 2.

    Prior regional studies used a maximum global contribution of 0.93 m (37 in; Mote et al. 2008). The recent NRC report provides a range for the global contribution of 0.5 to 1.4 m (20 to 55 in) for 2100 relative to 2000 levels.

  3. 3.

    Post glacial rebound, also known as glacial isostatic adjustment, generally results in uplift north of the 49th parallel in western North America and land subsidence of 1 mm/year (0.04 inches/year) or less in western Washington and Oregon (NRC 2012; Argus and Peltier 2010; Peltier 2004)

  4. 4.

    PDO and ENSO are described in more detail in Chapter 2.

  5. 5.

    Although there is an extensive network of continuously running GPS stations throughout the western United States, NRC authors were concerned that interpolation errors between stations would be difficult to assess and characterize due to high spatial variability of vertical deformation within the region (NRC 2012, page 122).

  6. 6.

    The IPCC AR4 (Meehl et al. 2007) used an estimate of total ice sheet contribution to global sea level rise of 0 to 17 cm (6.7 in) by 2100. Mote et al. (2008) used a maximum value of 34 cm (13.4 in) for this term, and NRC (2012) used a total range of 50 to 67 cm (19.7 to 26.4 in) (up to 18 cm [7.1 in] from enhanced dynamics alone).

  7. 7.

    The Trenberth et al. (2007) study also found progressively increasing rates of global SST warming throughout the 20th century by examining three time slices: 1850–2005, 1901–2005, and 1979–2005.

  8. 8.

    This is multi-model, multi-emission scenario (A2, A1B, B1) average; however, SST differences between scenarios were small.

  9. 9.

    The primary cause of the rapid decline in pH observed at Tatoosh Island by Wootton et al. (2008) has been assessed by others (for example, see Brown 2012) and those studies indicate that local factors, such as variances in regional river discharge, may better explain the bulk of the transient declines in pH, rather than a larger scale acidification mechanism.

  10. 10.

    Note: non-coastal specific impact pathways, such as climate change impacts on urban water supplies (e.g., Vano et al. 2010), are not addressed in this chapter.

  11. 11.

    For example, the Portland, Oregon, transit agency, TriMet, mandates reducing train speeds by 10 mph in areas with speed limits at or above 35 mph when temperatures exceed 32 °C (90 °F) (TriMet 2010).

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to extend a special thanks to Nathan Mantua (NOAA NMFS, Southwest Fisheries Science Center), Lara Whitely Binder (University of Washington, Climate Impacts Group), Sharon Melin (Alaska Fisheries Science Center/NOAA), and Rob Suryan, Philip Mote, and Meghan Dalton (Oregon State University) for their review, feedback, and important contributions. The authors would also like to thank Stacy Vynne (Puget Sound Partnership) and four anonymous reviewers of this chapter. Their comments spurred us on to make a number of tangible improvements. S. Shafer was supported by the US Geological Survey Climate and Land Use Change Research and Development Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cascadia Consulting Group, USA

    W. Spencer Reeder

  2. College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, USA

    Peter Ruggiero

  3. Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, US Geological Survey, USA

    Sarah L. Shafer

  4. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, USA

    Amy K. Snover

  5. Department of Applied Economics, Oregon State University, USA

    Laurie L. Houston

  6. National Wildlife Federation, Pacific Regional Center, USA

    Patty Glick

  7. Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, USA

    Jan A. Newton

  8. Department of Applied Economics, Oregon State University, USA

    Susan M. Capalbo

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  1. W. Spencer Reeder
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  2. Peter Ruggiero
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  3. Sarah L. Shafer
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  4. Amy K. Snover
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  5. Laurie L. Houston
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Oregon State University Coll Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sci OCCRI and Oregon Climate Services, CEOAS Administration Building 104, 97331-5503, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Meghan M. Dalton

  2. Oregon State University Coll Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sci OCCRI and Oregon Climate Services, COAS admin building 104, 97331, Corvallis, Oregon, USA

    Philip W. Mote

  3. University of Washington College of the Environment, JISAO, Office ACC 036 B Brooklyn Ave NE 3737, 98105, Seattle, Washington, USA

    Amy K. Snover

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© 2013 Oregon Climate Change Reasearch Institute

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Reeder, W.S. et al. (2013). Coasts. In: Dalton, M.M., Mote, P.W., Snover, A.K. (eds) Climate Change in the Northwest. NCA Regional Input Reports. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-512-0_4

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