Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation pp 42–81Cite as

Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the Pacific Coast of North America

  • Chapter

Abstract

The world’s most expansive stretch of coastal temperate and boreal rainforest issandwiched between the Pacific Ocean and a chain of coastal mountains spanning 23 degrees of latitude and some 3,600 kilometers. Here, rainforests extend from northern Kodiak Island and Prince William Sound, Alaska (61°N latitude)to just south of San Francisco Bay, California (38°N latitude; see figure 2-1). Along the coastline, rainforest is limited to moist climates extending to as muchas 160 kilometers inland in southeast Alaska and adjacent British Columbia to 60 kilometers or less in California and the Pacific Northwest. A secondary beltof rainforest up to 100 kilometers wide occurs along the western slopes of the Cascades from southern British Columbia to central Oregon.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Notes

  1. 1.

    www.sightline.org/maps/maps/forests_over_cs04m

  2. 2.

    www.fsc-bc.org/britishcolumbia.htm

  3. 3.

    See www.davidsuzuki.org/Forests/Canada/BC/Spotted_Owl.asp

  4. 4.

    www.frap.cdf.ca.gov/data/frapgisdata/download.asp?rec=redwood/

Literature Cited

  • Alaback, P.B. 1982. Dynamics of understory biomass in Sitka spruce-western hemlock forest of southeast Alaska. Ecology 63:1932–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1984. Plant succession following logging in the Sitka spruce-western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska: Implications for management. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW-173.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, and G. P. Juday. 1989. Structure and composition of low-elevation old-growth forests in research natural areas of southeast Alaska. Natural Areas Journal 9 (1):27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1995. Biodiversity patterns in relation to climate:The coastal temperate rainforests of North America. Pp. 105–33 in High-latitude rain forests and associated ecosystems of the west coast of the Americas: Climate, hydrology, ecology and conservation. Ed. R. Lawford, P. Alaback, and E. R. Fuentes. Ecological Studies 116. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, and J. Pojar. 1997. Vegetation from ridgetop to seashore. Pp. 69–88 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P. K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albert, D., and J. Schoen. 2007a. A conservation assessment for the coastal forests and mountains ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Chap. 2 in The coastal forests and mountain ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Ed. J. Schoen and E. Dovichin. Anchorage, AK:Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy. www.conserveonline.org/workspaces/akcfm

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007b. A comparison of relative biological value, habitat vulnerability, and cumulative ecological risk among biogeographic provinces in southeastern Alaska. Chap. 3 in The coastal forests and mountain ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Ed. J. Schoen and E. Dovichin. Anchorage, AK:Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy. www.conserveonline.org/workspaces/akcfm

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W., and R. S. Waples. 1996. Conservation and genetics of salmonid fishes. Pp. 238–80 in Conservation genetics: Case histories from nature. Ed. J. C. Avise and J. L. Hamrick. Toronto: Chapman and Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Augerot, X. 2004. Atlas of Pacific salmon:The first mapped-based status assessment of salmon in the North Pacific. Portland, OR: Ecotrust.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beebe, S. B. 1991. Conservation in temperate and tropical rain forests:The search for an ecosystem approach to sustainability. Pp. 595–603 in Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen, R., J. Schoen, and D. Albert. 2007. Overview of the biogeographic provinces of southeastern Alaska. Chap. 4 in The coastal forests and mountain ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Ed. J. Schoen and E. Dovichin. Anchorage, AK: Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy.www.conserveonline.org/workspaces/akcfm

    Google Scholar 

  • Cederholm, C.J., D.H. Johnson, R.E. Bilby, L.G. Dominguez, A.M. Garrett, W.H. Graeber, E. L. Greda, et al. 2000. Pacific salmon and wildlife: Ecological contexts, relationships, and implications for management. Pp. 628–85 in Wildlife-habitat relationships in Oregon and Washington. Ed. D.H. Johnson and T.A. O’Neil. Olympia, WA:Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayoquot Sound Scientific Panel. 1995. Sustainable ecosystem management in Clayoquot Sound. Report 5, Chaps. 1–2: Introduction / The Clayoquot Sound Environment: Hishuk ish ts’awalk. www.cortex.ca/dow-cla.html

  • Coast Information Team Report. 2004. December 28, 2004 revised report. www.citbc.org

  • Cook, J., and S. Mac Donald. 2001. Should endemism be a focus of conservation efforts along the North Pacific Coast of North America? Biological Conservation 97:207–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, N. G. Dawson, and S. O. Mac Donald. 2006. Conservation of highly fragmented systems:The north temperate Alexander Archipelago. Biological Conservation 133:1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooperrider, A., R. F. Noss, H. H. Welsh Jr., C. Carroll, W. Zielinski, D. Olson, S. K. Nelson, and B. G. Marcot. 2000. Terrestrial fauna of redwood forests. Pp. 119–64 in The redwood forest: History, ecology, and conservation of the coast redwoods. Ed. R. F. Noss. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darimont, C.T., and P. C. Paquet. 2002. The gray wolves, Canis lupus, of British Columbia’s central and north coast: distribution and conservation assessment. Canadian Field Naturalist 116:416–22. www.people.ucsc.edu/~darimont/publications/Darimont

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, T. E. Reimchen, and P. C. Paquet. 2003. Foraging behavior by gray wolves on salmon streams in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81:349–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, P. C. Paquet, and T. E. Reimchen. 2008. Spawning salmon disrupt tight trophic coupling between wolves and ungulate prey in coastal British Columbia. BMC Ecology 8:14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DellaSala, D.A., J. C. Hagar, K.A. Engel, W. C. Mc Comb, R. L. Fairbanks, and E. G. Campbell. 1996. Effects of silvicultural modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and wintering bird communities, Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Condor 98:706–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———, S.B. Reid, T.J. Frest, J.R. Strittholt, and D.M. Olson. 1999. A global perspective on the biodiversity of the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion. Natural Areas Journal 19:300–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, and J. Williams. 2006. Northwest Forest Plan ten years later—how far have we come and where are we going? Conservation Biology 20:274–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Everest, F. H. 2005. Setting the stage for the development of a science-based Tongass land management plan. Landscape and Urban Planning 72:13–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fedje, D.W., and R.W. Mathewes, eds. 2005. Haida Gwaii: Human history and environment from the time of the loon to the time of the iron people.Vancouver:Univ.of British Columbia Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • FEMAT (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team). 1993. Forest ecosystem management: An ecological, economic, and social assessment. Report of the FEMAT. U.S. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn, R., T. Schumacher, and M. Ben-David. 2004. Abundance, prey availability and diets of American martens: Implications for the design of old-growth reserves in southeast Alaska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service final report. Alaska Department of Fish and Game.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, J. F., and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, T. A. Spies, R. Van Pelt, A. Carey, D. Thornburgh, D. R. Berg, D. Lindenmayer, M. Harmon, W. Keeton, and D. C. Shaw. 2002. Disturbances and structural development of natural forest ecosystems with silvicultural implications, using Douglas-fir forests as an example. Forest Ecology and Management 155:309–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, and J. Agee. 2003. Scientific issues and national forest fire policy:Forging a science-based national forest fire policy. Issues in Science and Technology 20:59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fujimori, T. 1971. Primary production of a young Tsuga heterophylla stand and some speculations about biomass of forest communities on the Oregon coast. USDA Forest Service Research Paper PNW-123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallant, A. L. 1996. USGS ecoregions of Alaska map. www.explorenorth.com/library/maps/ecoreg-alaska.html

  • Gavin, D. G., L. B. Brubacker, and K. P. Lertzman. 2003. Holocene fire history of a coastal temperate rainforest based on soil charcoal radiocarbon dates. Ecology 84:186–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gende, S. M., R.T. Edwards, M. F. Willson, and M.S. Wipfli. 2002. Pacific salmon in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Bio Science 52:917–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, B., L. Craighead, B. Horejsi, P. Paquet, and W. P. Mc Crory. 2004. Scientific criteria for evaluation and establishment of grizzly bear management areas in British Columbia. Panel of independent scientists. Victoria, BC. www.raincoast.org

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales, E. K., P. Arcese, R. Schulz, and F. L. Bunnell. 2003. Strategic reserve design in the central coast of British Columbia: Integrating ecological and industrial goals. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:2139–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goward, T., and A. Arsenault. 2001. Cyanolichens and conifers: Implications for global conservation. Forest, Snow and Landscape Research 75:303–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gresh, T., J. Lichatowich, and P. Schoonmaker. 2000. Salmon decline creates nutrient deficit in Northwest streams. Fisheries 15 (1), January 2000:15–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guthrie, R.H. 2002. The effects of logging on the frequency and distribution of landslides in three watersheds on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Geomorphology 43:273–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halpern, C. B., D. Mc Kenzie, S.A. Evans, and D.A. Maguire. 2005. Initial responses of forest understories to varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention. Ecological Applications 15:175–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanley, T.A., W. P. Smith, and S. M. Gende. 2004. Maintaining wildlife habitat in southeastern Alaska: Implications of new knowledge for forest management and research. Landscape and Urban Planning 72:113–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hebda, R. J., and C. Whitlock. 1997. Environmental history. Pp. 227–54 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P. K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, J. A., and T. A. Dawson. 2010. Climatic context and ecological implications of summer fog decline in the coast redwood region. PNAS early edition. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0915062107

  • Katz, D. 1992. Tongass at the crossroads: Forest service mismanagement in the wake of the Tongass Timber Reform Act. AFSEE white paper to the Clinton administration. Association of Forest Service Employees for Environmental Ethics. Eugene, OR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, H., B. G. Mackey, and D. B. Lindenmayer. 2009. Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world’s most carbon-dense forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (28):11635–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, R., and J. Franklin. 1992. The Olympic rainforest: An ecological web. Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krkosek, M., M.A. Lewis, and J. P. Volpe. 2005. Transmission dynamics of parasitic sea lice from farm to wild salmon. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, March 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lertzman, K, T. Spies, and F. Swanson. 1996. From ecosystem dynamics to ecosystem management. Pp. 361–82 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P. K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lichatowich, J. 1999. Salmon without rivers.Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenmayer, D. B., and J. F. Franklin. 2002. Conserving forest biodiversity: A comprehensive multiscaled approach.Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luyssaert, S., E. Detlef Schulze, A.Börner, A. Knohl, D. Hessenmöller, B.E. Law, P. Ciais, and J. Grace. 2008. Old-growth forests as global carbon sinks. Nature 455:213–15.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, D., F. M. Moola, B. Wareham, J. Calof, C. Burda, and P. Grames. 2004. Canada’s Rainforests: 2004 Status Report. David Suzuki Foundation, Vancouver. www.canadianrainforests.org

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, D. R. 1997. The influence of geological processes on ecological systems. Pp. 43–68 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P. K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moola, F., D. Martin, B. Wareham, J. Calof, C. Burda, and P. Grames. 2004. The coastal temperate rainforests of Canada:The need for ecosystem-based management. Biodiversity 9 (5):9–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mote, P.W., A.F. Hamlet, M.P. Clark, and D.P. Lettenmaier. 2005. Declining mountain snowpack in western North America. American Meteorological Society, January 2005:39–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muñoz-Fuentes, V., C.T., Darimont, R.K. Wayne, P.C. Paquet, and J.A. Leonard. 2009. Ecological factors drive differentiation in wolves from British Columbia. Journal of Biogeography 31:1516–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nehlsen, W., and J.A. Lichatowich. 1997. Pacific salmon: Life histories, diversity, productivity. Pp. 213–26 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P.K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington D.C.: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R. F., J. R. Strittholt, G. E. Heilman Jr., P.A. Frost, and M. Sorensen. 2000. Conservation planning in the redwoods region. Pp. 201–28 in The redwood forest. Ed. R. F. Noss. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000. Maintaining the ecological integrity of landscapes and ecoregions. Pp. 191–208 in Ecological integrity: Integrating environment, conservation and health. Ed. D. Pimentel, L. Westra, and R. F. Noss. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nowacki, G.J., and M.G. Kramer. 1998. The effects of wind disturbance on temperate rain-forest structure and dynamics of southeast Alasaka. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report. PNW-GTR-421.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, P. Spencer, T. Brook, M. Fleming, and T. Jorgenson. 2001. Ecoregions of Alaska and neighboring territories. www.agdc.usgs.gov/data/projects/fhm

  • Paquet, P.C., C.T. Darimont, R. J. Nelson, and K. Bennett. 2004. A critical examination of protection for key wildlife and salmon habitats under proposed British Columbia Central Coast Land and Resource Management Plan. Raincoast Conservation Society, Victoria, BC. www.raincoast.org

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, S. M. Alexander, P. L. Swan, and C.T. Darimont. 2006. Connectivity conservation. Pp. 130–56 in Influence of natural landscape fragmentation and resource availability on distribution and connectivity of marine gray wolf (Canis lupus) populations on Central Coast, British Columbia, Canada. Ed. K. R. Crooks and M. Sanjayan. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Person, D. M. Kirchhoff, V. Van Ballenberghe, G. Iverson, and E. Grossman. 1996. The Alexander Archipelago wolf: A conservation assessment. General Technical Report, PNW-GTR-384. U.S. Forest Service.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001. Alexander Archipelago wolves: Ecology and population viability in a disturbed insular landscape. Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piatt, J. F., K. J. Kuletz, A. E. Burger, S.A. Hatch, V. L. Friesen, T. P. Birt, M. L. Arimitsu, G. S. Drew, A. M.A. Harding, and K. S. Bixler. 2006. Status review of the marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in Alaska and British Columbia. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2006–1387. www.pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1387/

  • Pojar, J., C. Rowan, A. Mac Kinnon, D. Coates, and P. Le Page. 1999. Silivicultural options in the Central Coast. Report prepared for the Central Coast land and coastal resource management plan. www.ilmbwww.gov.bc.ca/citbc/b-SilviOpt-Pojar-Dec99.pdf

  • Price, M.H. H., C.T. Darimont, N.F. Temple, and S.M. Mac Duffee. 2008. Ghost runs:Management and status assessment of Pacific salmon returning to British Columbia’s central and north coast. Canadian Journal of Fish and Aquatic Science 65:2712–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pimm, S. L. 1991. The balance of nature? Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Redmond, K., and G. Taylor. 1997. Climate of the coastal temperate rain forest. Pp. 25–42 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P. K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, G., J.E. Williams, K.M. Burnett, and K. Gallo. 2006. The aquatic conservation strategy of the Northwest Forest Plan. Conservation Biology 20:319–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reimchen, T. E. 2000. Some ecological and evolutionary aspects of bear-salmon interactions in coastal British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78:448–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts, T., E. Dinerstein, D. Olson, C. Loucks, W. Eichbaum, D. DellaSala, K. Kavanagh, et al. 1999. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of North America.Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ritland, K., C. Newton, and D. Marshall. 2001. Inheritance and population structure of the white-phased “Kermode” black bear. Current Biology 11:1468–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rumsey, C., J. Adron, K. Ciruna, T. Curtis, Z. Ferdana, T.D. Hamilton, K. Heinemeyer, et al. 2004. An ecosystem spatial analysis for Haida Gwaii, Central Coast, and North Coast British Columbia. Coast Information Team, Victoria, BC. www.citbc.org

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, J. O., S. C. Sillett, W. J. Libby, T. E. Dawson, J. H. Popenoe, D. L. Largent, R. Van Pelt, et al. 2000. Redwood trees, communities, and ecosystems:A closer look. Pp. 81–118 in The redwood forest: History, ecology, and conservation of the coast redwoods. Ed. R. F. Noss. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoen, J., M. Kirchhoff, and J. Hughes. 1988. Wildlife and old-growth forests in southeastern Alaska. Natural Areas Journal 8:138–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, R. Flynn, L. Suring, K. Titus, and L. Beier. 1994. Habitat capability model for brown bear in Southeast Alaska. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:327–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———, and D. Albert. 2007. Southeastern Alaska conservation strategy:A conceptual approach. Chap. 10 in The coastal forests and mountain ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest:A conservation assessment and resource synthesis. Ed. J. Schoen and E. Dovichin. Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy, Anchorage, AK. www.conserveonline.org/workspaces/akcfm

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield, W. B. 1988. Bryogeography and the bryophytic characterization of biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Botany 66:2673–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Short, J.W., G.V. Irvine, D. H. Mann, J. M. Maselko, J. J. Pella, M. R. Lindeberg, J. R. Payne, W. B. Driskell, and S. D. Rice. 2007. Slightly weathered Exxon Valdez oil persists in Gulf of Alaska beach sediments after 16 years. Environmental Science Technology 41 (4):1245–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sillett, S.C. 1999. Tree crown structure and vascular epiphyte distribution in Sequoia sempervirens rain forest canopies. Selbyana 20:76–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simenstad, C.A., M. Dethier, C. Levings, and D. Hay. 1997. The terrestrial/marine ecotone. Pp. 149–88 in The rainforests of home. Ed. P. K. Schoonmaker, B. von Hagen, and E. C. Wolf. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sisk, J. 2007a. The southeastern Alaska salmon industry: Historical overview and current status. Chap. 8 in The coastal forests and mountain ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Ed. J. Schoen and E. Dovichin. Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy, Anchorage, AK. www.conserveonline.org/workspaces/akcfm

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007b. The southeastern Alaska timber industry: Historical overview and current status. Chap. 9 in The coastal forests and mountain ecoregion of southeastern Alaska and the Tongass National Forest. Ed. J. Schoen and E. Dovichin. Audubon Alaska and The Nature Conservancy, Anchorage, AK. www.conserveonline.org/workspaces/akcfm

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, W. P. 2004. Evolutionary diversity and ecology of endemic small mammals of south-eastern Alaska with implications for land management planning. Landscape and Urban Planning 72:135–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smithwick, E.A. H., M. E. Harmon, S. M. Remillard, S.A. Acker, and J. F. Franklin. 2002. Potential upper bounds of carbon stores in forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 12:1303–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spies, T.A. 2004. Ecological concepts and diversity of old-growth forests. Journal of Forestry 103:14–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staus, N.L., J.R. Strittholt, D.A. DellaSala, and R. Robinson. 2002. Rate and pattern of forest disturbance in the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion, USA. Landscape Ecology 17:455–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strittholt, J. R., D.A. DellaSala, and H. Jiang. 2006. Status of mature and old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Conservation Biology 20:363–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, M. E., J. F. Franklin, R. Beschta, C. Crisafulli, D. A. DellaSala, R. L. Hutto, D. B. Lindenmayer, and F. J. Swanson. 2010. The forgotten stage of forest succession: Early-seral successional ecosystems on forest sites. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment. doi:10.1890/090157

    Google Scholar 

  • Temple, N., ed. 2005. Salmon in the Great Bear Rainforest and Haida Gwaii. Raincoast Conservation Society, Victoria, BC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, T. 2009. Roadless rules:The struggle for the last wild forests. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trombulak, S., and C. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14:18–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • USDA Forest Service. 2008. Tongass land management plan, Final Environmental Impact Statement. Alaska Region, Ketchikan, AK.

    Google Scholar 

  • USFWS (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service). 1997. Recovery plan for the threatened marbled murrelet (Washington, Oregon, and California populations). USFWS Region 1, Portland, OR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Pelt, M. 2008. Identifying old trees and forests in western Washington. Washington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, WA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veblen, T.T., and P. B. Alaback. 1996. A comparative review of forest dynamics and disturbance in the temperate rainforests in North and South America. Pp. 173–213 in High-latitude rain forests and associated ecosystems of the west coast of the Americas: Climate, hydrology, ecology and conservation. Ed. R. Lawford P. Alaback, and E. R. Fuentes. Ecological Studies116. Springer-Verlag.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R.W., F. L. Bunnell, D. Hagg, and G. Sutherland. 2003. Evaluating ecological representation within differing planning objectives for the central coast of British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33:2141–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wimberly, M. C., T.A. Spies, C. J. Long, and C. Whitlock. 2000. Simulating historical variability in the amount of old forests in the Oregon Coast Range. Conservation Biology 14:167–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Western Regional Climate Center. 2006. Historical monthly precipitation levels. www.wrcc.dri.edu/htmlfiles/ak/ak.ppt.html

  • Willson, M. E., and K. C. Halupka. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology 9:489–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worley, I.A. 1972. The bryogeography of Southeastern Alaska. Ph.D dissertation. Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yezerinac, S. M., and F. Moola. 2006. Conservation status and threats to species associated with spotted owls:A new flagship fleet for British Columbia. Biodiversity 6:3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geos Institute, Ashland, USA

    Dominick A. DellaSala Ph.D.

  2. Society for Conservation Biology, North America Section, Washington, USA

    Dominick A. DellaSala Ph.D.

  3. Terrestrial Conservation and Science Program, David Suzuki Foundation, Vancouver, Canada

    Faisal Moola Ph.D.

  4. Forest Ecology, University of Montana, Montana, USA

    Paul Alaback Ph.D.

  5. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada

    Paul C. Paquet Ph.D.

  6. Audubon Alaska, Anchorage, USA

    John W. Schoen Ph.D.

  7. Conservation Biology, University of Central Florida, Florida, USA

    Reed F. Noss Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Dominick A. DellaSala Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Faisal Moola Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Paul Alaback Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Paul C. Paquet Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. John W. Schoen Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Reed F. Noss Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Island Press

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

DellaSala, D.A., Moola, F., Alaback, P., Paquet, P.C., Schoen, J.W., Noss, R.F. (2011). Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the Pacific Coast of North America. In: Temperate and Boreal Rainforests of the World: Ecology and Conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-008-8_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Societies and partnerships

Search

Navigation