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Anatomical and Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

  • Chapter
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

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Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent behavioral disorders in pediatric populations (1,2). Researchers have hypothesized that ADHD has a biological etiology (3). Indeed, twin studies have provided evidence to suggest that ADHD is an inherited disorder (4) and a variety of genes have been identified, which have been associated with an increased susceptibility to developing ADHD (5). The core characteristics of ADHD, which include inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, are thought to be the result of dysfunctional noradrenergic and dopaminergic pathways residing in discrete brain regions (6,7). As a result of recent advances in neuroimaging technologies, there has been an increasing number of neuroimaging studies investigating the neurophysiological basis of ADHD (3). Some studies have concentrated on anatomical pathology, probing for variations in the neuroanatomical structures of ADHD patients, such as differences in volumes of distinct brain regions. In contrast, other studies have focused on physiological functions of the central nervous system, such as regulation of blood flow, which may be responsible for the behavioral manifestations of the disorder. The following chapter will begin with a brief review of neuroimaging techniques that have been utilized to investigate the neurobiological basis of ADHD. Next, we will review the findings of structural and functional neuroimaging studies involving children and adolescents with ADHD. We will also discuss recent findings from functional neuroimaging studies that have begun to investigate the mechanisms of action of pharmacological treatments for ADHD. Finally, we will examine some of the limitations of existing studies and propose neuroimaging investigation that might help further clarify the neurophysiology of ADHD.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH

    Jonathan C. Pfeifer MD

  2. Bipolar and Psychotic Disorders Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH

    Melissa DelBello MD

  3. Imaging Research Center, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH

    Scott Holland PhD

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  1. Jonathan C. Pfeifer MD
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  2. Melissa DelBello MD
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Kosair Children’s Hospital, Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

    David Gozal MD

  2. Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY

    Dennis L. Molfese PhD

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Pfeifer, J.C., DelBello, M., Holland, S. (2005). Anatomical and Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. In: Gozal, D., Molfese, D.L. (eds) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-891-9:393

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