Skip to main content

Bone Allograft Transplantation

Theory and Practice

  • Chapter
Bone Regeneration and Repair

Abstract

An amazing change has occurred in the last 30 yr in our ability to care for children and adults with bone sarcomas. Because of better imaging technology and vast improvements in our systems for treating sarcoma with chemotherapy, we no longer use amputations as our first line of care and now perform limb-sparing surgery for most of our patients. The success of metallic implants is very attractive, and many centers use these technologies (114) in the treatment of high-grade tumors involving a joint, but in addition there is a long history in orthopedics of the use of allograft implants (1542). The latter system is intriguing in many ways and may in fact outlive the metallic implants over time. The aim of this chapter is to review the history of allografting, describe the current state of knowledge, present our series of over 1000 cases and their complications, and then try to establish some rules and approaches to alloimplants of the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Bos, G., Sim, F. H., Pritchard, D., et al. (1987) Prosthetic replacement of the proximal humerus. Clin. Orthop. 224, 178–191.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bradish, C. F., Kemp, H. B., Scales, J. T., and Wilson, J. N. (1987) Distal femoral replacement by custom-made prosthesis. Clinical follow-up and survivorship analysis. J. Bone Joint Surg. 69B, 276–284.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Eckardt, J. J., Matthews, J. G., and Eilber, F. R. (1991) Endoprosthetic reconstruction after bone tumor resections of the proximal tibia. Orthop Clin. N. Am. 22, 149–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Malawar, M. M. and McHale, K. A. (1989) Limb sparing surgery for high grade malignant tumors of the proximal tibia. Surgical technique and a method of extensor mechanism reconstruction. Clin. Orthop. 239, 231–248.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Sim, F. H., Beauchamp, C. P., and Chao, E. Y. (1987) Reconstruction of musculoskeletal defects about the knee for tumor. Clin. Orthop. 221, 188–201.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Stauffer, R. N. (1991) Problems with using metallic implants for replacement of bony defects, in Bone and Cartilage Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge, IL, pp. 295–299.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Bickels, J., Wittig, J. C., Kollender, Y., et al. (2002) Distal femoral resection with endoprosthetic reconstruction: a long term followup study. Clin. Orthop. 400, 225–233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Neel, M. D. and Letson, G. D. (2001) Modular endoprostheses for children with malignant bone tumors. Cancer Control 8, 344–348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Kotz, R., Dominkus, M., Zettl, T., et al. (2002) Advances in bone tumour treatment in 30 year with respect to survial and limb salvage. A single institution experience. Int. Orthop. 26, 197–202.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Plotz, W., Rechl, H., Burgkart, R., et al. (2002) Limb salvage with tumor endoprostheses for malignant tumors of the knee. Clin. Orthop. 405, 207–215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Dominkus, M., Krepler, P., Schwameis, E., Windhager, R., and Kotz, R. (2001) Growth prediction in extendable tumor prostheses in children. Clin. Orthop. 390, 212–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Mittermayer, F., Krepler, P., Dominkus, M., et al. (2001) Long-term followup of uncemented tumor endoprostheses for the lower extremity. Clin. Orthop. 388, 167–177.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Eckardt, J. J., Kabo, J. M., Kelley, C. M., et al. (2000) Expandable endoprosthesis reconstruction in skeletally immature patients with tumors. Clin. Orthop. 373, 51–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Asavamongkolkul, A., Eckardt, J. J., Eilber, F. R., et al. (1999) Endoprosthetic reconstruction for malgnant upper extremity tumors. Clin. Orthop. 360, 207–220.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Alho, A. J., Eskola, J., Ekfors, T., Manner, L., Kouri, T., and Hollmen, T. (1998) Immune responses and clinical outcome of massive human osteoarticular allografts. Clin. Orthop. 356, 196–206.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Burwell, R. G. (1993) History of bone grafting and bone substitutes with special reference to osteogenic induction, in Bone Grafts, Derivatives and Substitutes (Urist, M. R., O’Connor, B. T., and Burwell, R. G., eds.), Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 3–102.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cheng, E. Y. and Gebhardt, M. C. (1991) Allograft reconstructions of the shoulder after bone tumor resections. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 22, 37–48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Czitrom, M., Langer, F., McKee, N., and Gross, A. E. (1986) Bone and cartilage allotransplantation. A review of 14 years of research and clinical studies. Clin. Orthop. 208, 141–145.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dean, G. S., Hollinger, E. H., and Urbaniak, J. R. (1997) Elbow allografts for reconstruction of the elbow with massive bone loss. Long term results. Clin. Orthop. 341–12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Delloye, C., DeNayer, P., Allington, N., Munting, E., Coutelier, L., and Vincent, A. (1988) Massive bone allografts in large skeletal defects after tumor surgery: a clinical and microradiographic evaluation. Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg. 107, 31–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Dick, H. M., Malinin, T. I., and Mnaymneh, W. A. (1985) Massive allograft implantation following radical resection of high-grade tumors requiring adjuvant chemotherapy treatment. Clin. Orthop. 197, 88–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Getty, P. I. and Peabody, T. D. (1999) Complications and functional outcomes of reconstruction with an osteoarticular allograft after intra-articular resection of the proximal humerus. J. Bone Joint Surg. 81A, 1138–1146.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hejna, M. J. and Gitelis, S. (1997) Allograft prosthetic composite replacements for bone tumors. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 13, 18–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Hornicek, F. J., Mnymneh, W., Lackman, R. D., Exner, G. U., and Malinin, T. I. (1998) Limb salvage with osteoarticular allografts after resection of the proximal tibia bone tumors. Clin. Orthop. 352, 179–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jofe, M. H., Gebhardt, M. C., Tomford, W. W., and Mankin, H. J. (1988) Osteoarticular allografts and allografts plus prosthesis in the management of malignant tumors of the proximal femur. J. Bone Joint Surg. 70A, 507–516.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Kocher, M. S., Gebhardt, M. C., and Mankin, H. J. (1998) Reconstruction of the distal aspect of the radius with use of an osteoarticular allograft after excision of a skeletal tumor. J. Bone Joint Surg. 80A, 407–419.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Makley, J. T. (1985) The use of allografts to reconstruct intercalary defects of long bones. Clin. Orthop. 197, 58–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Mankin, H. J. (1983) Complications of allograft surgery. in Osteochondral Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E., Mankin, H. J., and Sell, K. W., eds.), Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 259–274.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mankin, H. I., Doppelt, S. H., Sullivan, T. R., and Tomford, W. W. (1982) Osteoarticular and intercalary allograft transplantation in the management of malignant tumors of bone. Cancer 50, 613–630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mankin, H. J., Gebhardt, M. C., and Tomford, W. W. (1998) Long tenn replacement in the management of bone tumors: a retrospection, in Advances in Tissue Banking, vol 2 (Phillips, G. O., Strong, D. O., von Versen, R., and Nather, A., eds.), Wold Scientific, River Edge, NJ, pp. 209–239.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Mankin, H. J., Gebhardt, M. C., and Tomford, W. W. (1987) The use of frozen cadaveric allografts in the management of patients with bone tumors of the extremities. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 18, 275–289.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Mankin, H. J., Gebhardt, M. C., Jennings, L. C., Springfield, D. S., and Tomford, W. W. (1996) Long-term results of allograft replacement in the management of bone tumors. Clin. Orthop. 324, 86–87.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Mnaymneh, W., Malinin, T. I., Makley, J. T., and Dick, H. M. (1986) Massive osteoarticular allografts in the reconstruction of extremities following resection of tumors not requiring chemotherapy and radiation. Clin. Orthop. 227, 666–677.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Mnaymneh, W. and Malinin, T. (1989) Massive allografts in surgery of bone tumors. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 20, 455–467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Ortiz-Cruz, E., Gebhardt, M. C., Jennings, L. C., Springfield, D. S., and Mankin, H. J. (1997) The result of transplantation of intercalary allografts after resection of tumors. A long term follow-up study. J. Bone Joint Surg. 79A, 97–106.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mnaymneh, W. A., Temple, H. T., and Malinin, T. I. (2002) Allograft reconstruction after resection of malignant tumors of the scapula. Clin. Orthop. 405, 223–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hornicek, F. J., Gebhardt, M. C., Sorger, J. I., and Mankin, H. J. (1999) Tumor reconstruction. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 30, 673–684.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. DeGroot, H. III and Mankin, H. J. (2000) Total knee arthroplasty in patients who have massive osteoarticular allografts. Clin. Orthop. 373, 62–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Temple, H. T., Scully, S. P., O’Keefe, R. J., Kattapurum, S., and Mankin, H. J. (2000) Clinical outcome in 38 patients with juxacortical osteosarcoma. Clin. Orthop. 373, 208–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Yoshida, Y., Osaka, S., and Mankin, H. J. (2000) Hemipelvic allograft reconstruction after periacetabular bone tumor resection. J. Orthop. Sci. 5, 198–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hazan, E. J., Hornicek, F. J., Tomford, W., Gebhardt, M. C., and Mankin, H. J. (2001) The effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on osteoarticular allografts. Clin. Orthop. 385, 176–181.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fox, E. J., Hau, M. A., Gebhardt, M. C., Hornicek, F. J., Tomford, W. W., and Mankin, H. J. (2002) Long term followup of proximal femoral allografts. Clin. Orthop. 397, 106–113.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Julien, P., Ledennann, F., and Touwaide, A. (1987) Cosma e Damiano. 1993, Antea Edizioni, Milan.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rinaldi, E. (1987) The first homoplastic limb transplant according to the legend of Saint Cosmas and Saint Damian. Ital. J. Orthop. Traumatol. 13, 394–406.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mankin, H. J. (2002) History of treatment of musculoskeletal tumours, in The Evolution of Orthopaedic Surgery (Klenerman, L., ed.), Royal Society of Medicine Press, London, pp. 191–210.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Burwell, R. G. (1969) The fate of bone grafts, in Recent Advances in Orthopaedics (Apley, O. A., ed.), Churchill, London, pp. 115–207.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Macewen, W. (1881) Observations concerning transplantation of bones: illustrated by a case of inter-human osseous transplantion, whereby over two-thirds of the shaft of the humerus was restored. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. 32, 232–234.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Lexer, E. (1908) Die Verwendung der freien Knochenplastik nebst Versuchen uber Gelenkversteifung und Gelenktransplantation. Arch. Klin. Chir. 86, 939–954.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Lexer, E. (1925) Joint transplantation and arthroplasty. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 40, 782–809.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Volkov, M. (1970) Allotransplantation of joints. J. Bone Joint Surg. 52B, 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Curtiss, P. H., Powell, A. E., and Herndon, C. H. (1959) Immunological factors in homogeneous bone transplantation. III. The inability of homogeneous rabbit bone to induce circulating antibodies in rabbits. J. Bone Joint Surg. 41A, 1482–1488.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Herndon, C. H. and Chase, S. W. (1954) The fate of massive autogenous and homogenous bone grafts including articular surfaces. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 98, 273–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Friedlaender, G. E. Mankin, I. U., and Sell, K. W. (1983) Osteochondral Allografts, Little, Brown, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Contreras, T. J., Blair, P. I., and Harlan, D. M. (1998) Briefhistory of the United Sates Navy Tissue Bank and Transplantation Programme. Captain Kenneth Sell’s living legacy, in Advances in Tissue Banking, vol 2 (Phillips, G. O., Strong, D. O., von Versen, R., and Nather, A., eds.), Wold Scientific, River Edge, NJ, pp. 21–28.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Buck, R. E., Malinin, T. I., and Brown, M. D. (1989) Bone tranplantation and human immunodeficiency virus. An estimate of risk of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Clin. Orthop. 240, 129–136.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Conway, B., Tomford, W. W., Hirsch, M. S., Schooley, R. T., and Mankin, H. J. (1990) Effects of gamma irradiation on mV-l in a bone allograft model. Trans. Orthop. Res. Soc. 15, 225.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Friedlaender, G. E. (1983) Immune responses to osteochondral allografts: current knowledge and future directions. Clin. Orthop. 174, 58–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Friedlaender, G. E. (1991) Bone allografts: the biological consequences of immunological events. J Bone Joint Surg. 73A, 1119–1122.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Friedlaender, G. E., Strong, D. M., and Mankin, H. J. (1998) Immunology of bone allografts: current knowledge, in Advances in Tissue Banking, vol 2 (Phillips, G. O., Strong, D. O., von Versen R., and Nather, A., eds.), Wold Scientific, River Edge, NJ, pp. 135–146

    Google Scholar 

  60. Friedlaender, G. E. Strong, D. M., and Sell, K. W. (1976) Studies on the antigencity of bone. I. Freeze-dried and deep frozen bone allografts in rabbits. J. Bone Joint Surg. 58A, 854–858.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Friedlaender, G. E., Strong, D. M., and Sell, K. W. (1984) Studies on the antigencity of bone. I. Donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies in human recipients of freezed dried bone allografts. J. Bone Joint Surg. 66A, 1–7–112.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Friedlaender, G. E. and Tomford, W. W. (1991) Approaches to the retrieval and banking of osteochondral allografts. in Bone and Cartilage Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge IL, pp. 185–192.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mankin, H. I. and Friedlaender, G. E. (1983) Perspectives on bone allograft biology, in Osteochondral Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E., Mankin, H. J., and Sell, K. W., eds.), Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 3–8.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Strong, D. M., Sayers, M. H., and Conrad, E. U. III. (1991) Screening tissue donors for infectious markers. in Bone and Cartilage Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge IL, pp. 193–209.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Strong, D. M., Friedlaender, G. E., Tomford, W. W., et al. (1996) Immunological responses in human recipients of osseous and osteochondral allografts. Clin. Orthop. 326, 107–114.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Tomford, W. W. (1983) Cryopreservation of articular cartilage in Osteochondral Allografts, (Friedlaender, G. E., Mankin, H. J., and Sell, K. W., eds.), Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 215–218.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Tomford, W. W., Doppelt, S. H., and Mankin, H. J. (1989) Organization, legal aspects and problems of bone banking in a large orthopaedic center, in Bone Transplantation (Aebi, M. and Regazzoni, P, eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 145–150.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Tomford, W. W. and Mankin, H. J. (1999) Bone banking: update on methods and materials. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 30, 553–565.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Tomford, W. W., Thongphasuk, J., Mankin, H. J., and Ferraro, M. J. (1990) Frozen musculoskeletal allografts. A study of the clinical incidence and causes of infection associated with their use. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72A, 1137–1143.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Lord, C. F., Gebhardt, M. C., Tomford, W. W., and Mankin, H. J. (1988) The incidence, nature and treatment of allograft infections. J. Bone Joint Surg. 70A, 369–376.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Lietman, S. A., Tomford, W. W., Gebhardt, M. C., Springfield, D. S., and Mankin, H. J. (2000) Complications of irradiated allografts in orthopaedic tumor surgery. Clin. Orthop. 375, 214–217.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Quinn, R. H., Mankin, H. J., Springfield, D. S., and Gebhardt, M. C. (2001) Management of infected bulk allografts with antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate spacers. Orthopedics 24, 971–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Parrish, F. F. (1973) Allograft replacement of part of the end of a long bone following excision of a tumor: report of twenty-one cases. J. Bone Joint Surg. 55A, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Parrish, F. F. (1966) Treatment of bone tumors by total excision and replacement with massive autologous and homologous grafts. J. Bone Joint Surg. 48A, 968–990.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ottolenghi, C. E. (1966) Massive osteoarticular bone grafts. J. Bone Joint Surg. 48B, 646–659.

    Google Scholar 

  76. McGoveran, B. M., Davis, A. M., Gross, A. E., and Bell, R. S. (1986) Evaluation of the allograft-prosthesis composite technique for proximal femoral reconstruction afer resection of a primary bone tumour. Cancer Surg. 42, 37–45.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Hornicek, F. J., Gebhardt, M. C., Tomford, W. W., et al. (2001) Mankin HJ: Factors affecting nonunion of the allograft-host junction. Clin. Orthop. 382, 87–98.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Kattapuram, S. V., Rosol, M. S., Rosenthal, D. I., Palmer, W. E., and Mankin, H. J. (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging features of allografts. Skeletal Radiol. 28(7), 383–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Lewandrowski, K. U., Hornicek, F. J., Pelow, F. X., Gebhardt, M. C., Mankin, H. J., and Tomford, W. W. (2002) Clinical and biomechanical design considerations for engineered cortical bone allografts, in Tissue Engineering and Biodegradable Equivalents (Lewandrowski, K. U., et al., eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 179–194.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lewandrowski, K. U., Tomford, W. W., and Mankin, H. J. (2002) Demineralization and perforation of cortical bone allografts: preparatory methods, in Tissue Engineering and Biodegradable Equivalents (Lewandrowski, K. U., et al., eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 433–466.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lee, F. Y., Storer, S., Hazan, E. J., Gebhardt, M. C., and Mankin, H. J. (2002) Repair of bone allograft fracture using bone morphogenetic protein-2. Clin. Orthop. 397, 119–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Burchardt, H. (1987) Biology of bone transplantation. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 18, 187–196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Burchardt, H., Jones, H., Glowczewskie, F., Rudner, C., and Enneking, W. F. (1978) Freeze-dried allogeneic segmental cortical bone grafts in dogs. J. Bone Joint Surg. 60A, 1082–1090.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Goldberg, V. M., Powell, A., Schaffer, J. W., Zika, J., Bos, G. D., and Heiple, K. G. (1984) Bone grafting. Role of histocompatibility in transplantation. J. Orthop. Res. 3, 389–404.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Horowitz, M. C. and Friedlaender, G. E. (1991) The immune response to bone grafts, in Bone and Cartilage Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge IL, pp. 85–102.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Langer, F., Gross, A. E., West, M., and Urovitz, E. P. (1978) The immunogenicity of allograft knee joint transplants. Clin. Orthop. 132, 155–162.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Elves, M. D. (1976) Newer knowledge of the immunology of bone and cartilage. Clin. Orthop. 120, 232–259.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Elves, M. D., Gray, J. C., and Thorogood, P. V. (1976) The cellular change in allografts of marrow-containing cortical bone. J. Anat. 122, 253–269.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Stevenson, S. (1991) Experimental issues in histocompatability of bone grafts, in Bone and Cartilage Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge, IL, pp. 45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Stevenson, S. (1999) Biology of bone grafts. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 30, 543–553.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Stevenson, S., Emery, S. E., and Goldberg, V. M. (1996) Factors affecting bone graft incorporation. Clin. Orthop. 324, 66–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Stevenson, S. and Horowitz, M. C. (1992) Current concepts review: the response to bone allografts. J. Bone Joint Surg. 74A, 939–950.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Muscolo, D. L., Ayerza, M. A., Calabrese, M. E., Redal, M. A., and Araujo, E. S. (1996) Human leukocyte antigen matching, radiographic score and histologic findings in massive frozen bone allografts. Clin. Orthop. 326, 115–126.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Friedlaender, G. E., Strong, D. M., Tomford, W. W., and Mankin, H. J. (1999) Long term followup of patients with osteochondral allografts. A correlation between immunologic responses and clinical outcome. Orthop. Clin. N. Am. 30, 583–590.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Doppelt, S. H., Tomford, W. W., Lucas, A., and Mankin, H. J. (1981) Operational and financial aspects of a hospital bone bank. J. Bone Joint Surg. 63A, 1472–1479.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Loty, B., Courpied, J. P., Torneno, B., Postel, M., Forest, M., and Abelanet, R. (1990) Bone allografts sterilized by irradiation. Biological properties, procurement and results of 150 massive allografts. Int. Orthop. 14, 237–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Schachar, N. S. and McGann, L. B. (1991) Cryopreservation of articular cartilage, in Bone and Cartilage Allografts (Friedlaender, G. E. and Goldberg, V. M., eds.), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Park Ridge, IL, pp. 211–230.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Schachar, N. S., Cucheran, D. J., McGann, L. E., Novak, K. A., and Frank, C. B. (1994) Metabolic activity of bovine articular cartilage during refrigerated storage. J. Orthop. Res. 12, 15–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Goorin, A. M., Abelson, H. T., and Frei, E. (1985) Osteosarcoma fifteen years later. N. Engl. J. Med. 313, 1637–1643.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Rosen, G., Caparros, B., Huvos, A. G., et al. (1982) Preoperative chemotherapy for osteogenic sarcoma: selection of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy based on the response of the primary tumor to preoperative chemotherapy. Cancer 49, 1221–1230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Hernigou, P., Delepine, G., and Goutallier, D. (1991) Infections after massive bone allografts in surgery of bone tumors of the limbs. Incidence, contributing factors, therapeutic problems. Rev. Clin. Orthop. 77, 6–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Berrey, W. H. Jr., Lord, C. F., Gebhardt, M. C., and Mankin, H. J. (1990) Fractures of allograft fractures. Frequency, treatment and end esults. J. Bone Joint Surg. 72A, 822–833.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Sorger, J. I., Hornicek, F. J., Zavatta, M., et al. (2001) Allograft fractures revisited. Clin. Orthop. 382, 66–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Catanzariti, A. and Karlock, L. (1996) The application of allograft bone in foot and ankls surgery. J. Foot Ankle Surg. 35, 440–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Clarke, H. D., Berry, D. J., and Sim, F. H. (1998) Salvage offailed femoral megaprostheses with allograft prosthesis composite. Clin. Orthop. 356, 222–229.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Tan, M. H. and Mankin, H. J. (1997) Blood transfusion and bone allografts. Effect on infection and outcome. Clin. Orthop. 340, 207–214.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Enneking, W. F. (1987) A system for evaluation of the surgical management of musculoskeletal tumors, in Limb Salvage in Musculoskeletal Oncology (Enneking, W. F., ed.), Churchill Livingstone, New York, pp. 145–150.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Enneking, W. F., Eady, J. L., and Burchardt, H. (1980) Autogenous cortical bone grafts in the reconstruction of segmental skeletal defects. J. Bone Joint Surg. 62A, 1039–1058.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Enneking, W. F., Spanier, S. S., and Goodman, M. A. (1980) Current concepts review: the surgical staging of musculoskeletal sarcoma. J. Bone Joint Surg. 62A, 1027–1030.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Simon, M. A., Aschliman, M. A., Thomas, N., and Mankin, H. J. (1986) Limb salvage treatment versus amputation for osteosarcoma of the distal end of the femur. J. Bone Joint Surg. 68A, 1331–1337.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Refaat, Y., Gunnoe, J., Hornicek, F. J., and Mankin, H. J. (2002) Comparison of quality of life after amputation or limb salvage. Clin. Orthop. 397, 298–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. DiCaprio, M. R. and Friedlaender, G. E. (2003) Malignant bone tumors: limb sparing versus amputation. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 11, 25–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Kaplan, E. and Meier, P. (1958) Non-parametric estimation for incomplete observations. J. Am. Statist. Assoc. 53, 457–481.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Cox, D. R. (1972) Regression models and life tables. J. Roy. Statist. Soc. 34, 187–220.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Chao, E. Y. and Sim, F. H. (1985) Modular prosthetic system for segmental bone and joint replacement after tumor resection. Orthopedics 8, 641–651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Donati, D., Giacomini, S., Gozzi, E., et al. (2002) Allograft arthrodesis treatment of bone tumors: a two center study. Clin. Orthop. 400, 217–224.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mankin, H.J., Hornicek, F.J., Tomford, W.W., Gebhardt, M.C. (2005). Bone Allograft Transplantation. In: Lieberman, J.R., Friedlaender, G.E. (eds) Bone Regeneration and Repair. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-863-3:241

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-863-3:241

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-847-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-863-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics