Abstract
Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains occurring mainly (but not exclusively) in the plasma membrane. They show a distinct lipid packing and fluidity compared to the bulk of the plasma membrane. Membrane fluidity is inversely related to the degree of packing of the various apolar acyl and sphingoid chains of phospho- and (glyco)sphingolipids with cholesterol (van Blitterswijk et al., 1987). Lipid rafts have low fluidity (high rigidity) and can only exist by virtue of tight physical interactions between sphingolipids and cholesterol. It has long been recognized that membrane fluidity affects critical cellular processes such as ligand-receptor interactions, endocytosis, antigen presentation, and functional coupling of occupied receptor via G-proteins to effector enzymes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrami L., Liu S., Cosson P., Leppla S. H., and van der Goot F. G. (2003) Anthrax toxin triggers endocytosis of its receptor via a lipid raft-mediated clathrin-dependent process. J. Cell Biol. 160, 321–328.
Ayllon V., Fleischer A., Cayla X., Garcia A., and Rebollo A. (2002) Segregation of Bad from lipid rafts is implicated in the induction of apoptosis. J. Immunol. 168, 3387–3393.
Baburina I. and Jackowski S. (1998) Apoptosis triggered by 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine is prevented by increased expression of CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2169–2173.
Bankaitis V. A. (2002) Slick recruitment to the Golgi. Science 295, 290–291.
Baron C. L. and Malhotra V. (2002) Role of diacylglycerol in PKD recruitment to the TGN and protein transport to the plasma membrane. Science 295, 325–328.
Basu S., Bayoumy S., Zhang Y., Lozano J., and Kolesnick R. (1998) BAD enables ceramide to signal apoptosis via Ras and Raf-1. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 30,419–30,426.
Berkovic D., Grundel O., Berkovic K., Wildfang I., Hess C. F., and Schmoll H. J. (1997) Synergistic cytotoxic effects of ether phospholipid analogues and ionizing radiation in human carcinoma cells. Radiother. Oncol. 43, 293–301.
Bi K., Roth M. G., and Ktistakis N. T. (1997) Phosphatidic acid formation by phospholipase D is required for transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. Curr. Biol. 7, 301–307.
Boggs K. P., Rock C. O., and Jackowski S. (1995) Lysophosphatidylcholine attenuates the cytotoxic effects of the antineoplastic phospholipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11,612–11,618.
Borst P. and Oude Elferink R. P. (2002) Mammalian ABC transporters in health and disease. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71, 537–592.
Bretscher M. S. and Munro S. (1993) Cholesterol and the Golgi apparatus. Science 261, 1280–1281.
Brown D. A. and London E. (1998) Functions of lipid rafts in biological membranes. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 14, 111–136.
Brown D. A. and London E. (2000) Structure and function of sphingolipid-and cholesterol-rich membrane rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 17,221–17,224.
Burger K. N. J., van der Bijl P., and van Meer G. (1996) Topology of sphingolipid galactosyltransferase in ER and Golgi: Transbilayer movement of monohexosyl sphingolipids is required for higher glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. J. Cell Biol. 133, 15–28.
Butler J. D., Comly M. E., Kruth H. S., Vanier M., Filling-Katz M., Fink J., et al. (1987) Niemann-pick variant disorders: Comparison of errors of cellular cholesterol homeostasis in group D and group C fibroblasts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 556–560.
Clement J. M. and Kent C. (1999) CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase: insights into regulatory mechanisms and novel functions. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257, 643–650.
Colell A., Morales A., Fernandez-Checa J. C., and Garcia-Ruiz C. (2002) Ceramide generated by acidic sphingomyelinase contributes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated apoptosis in human colon HT-29 cells through glycosphingolipids formation. Possible role of ganglioside GD3. FEBS Lett. 526, 135–141.
Collins R. N. and Warren G. 1992. Sphingolipid transport in mitotic HeLa cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 24,906–24,911.
Cremesti A., Paris F., Grassmé H., Holler N., Tschopp J., Fuks Z., et al. (2001) Ceramide enables Fas to cap and kill. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 23,954–23,961.
Davies J. P., Chen F. W., and Ioannou Y. A. (2000) Transmembrane molecular pump activity of Niemann-Pick C1 protein. Science 290, 2295–2298.
Debry P., Nash E. A., Neklason D. W., and Metherall J. E. (1997) Role of multidrug resistance P-glycoproteins in cholesterol esterification. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1026–1031.
DeGrella R. F. and Simoni R. D. (1982) Intracellular transport of cholesterol to the plasma membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 257, 14,256–14,262.
De Maria R., Lenti L., Malisan F., d’Agostino F., Tomassini B., Zeuner A., et al. (1997) Requirement for GD3 ganglioside in CD95-and ceramide-induced apoptosis. Science 277, 1652–1655.
Diomede L., Piovani B., Re F., Principe P., Colotta F., Modest E. J., et al. (1994) The induction of apoptosis is a common feature of the cytotoxic action of ether-linked glycerophospholipids in human leukemic cells. Int. J. Cancer 57, 645–649.
Eisenkolb M., Zenzmaier C., Leitner E., and Schneiter R. (2002) A specific structural requirement for ergosterol in long-chain fatty acid synthesis mutants important for maintaining raft domains in yeast. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 4414–4428.
Gagescu R., Demaurex N., Parton R. G., Hunziker W., Huber L. A., and Gruenberg J. (2000) The recycling endosome of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells is a mildly acidic compartment rich in raft components. Mol. Biol. Cell 11, 2775–2791.
Gajate C., Fonteriz R. I., Cabaner C., Alvarez-Noves G., Alvarez-Rodriguez Y., Modolell M., et al. (2000) Intracellular triggering of Fas, independently of FasL, as a new mechanism of antitumor ether lipid-induced apoptosis. Int. J. Cancer 85, 674–682.
Gajate C. and Mollinedo F. (2001) The antitumor ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 induces apoptosis through translocation and capping of Fas/CD95 into membrane rafts in human leukemic cells. Blood 98, 3860–3863.
Garcia-Ruiz C., Colell A., Morales A., Calvo M., Enrich C., Fernandez-Checa J. C. (2002) Trafficking of ganglioside GD3 to mitochondria by tumor necosis factor-alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 36,443–36,448.
Garrigues A., Escargueil A. E., and Orlowski S. (2002) The multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein, actively mediates cholesterol redistribution in the cell membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10,347–10,352.
Geilen C. C., Wieder T., and Reutter W. (1992) Hexadecylphosphocholine inhibits translocation of CTP:choline-phosphate cytidylyltransferase in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 6719–6724.
Giammarioli A. M, Garofalo T., Sorice M., Misasi R., Gambardella L., Gradini R., et al. (2001) GD3 glycosphingolipid contributes to Fas-mediated apoptosis via association with ezrin cytoskeletal protein. FEBS Lett. 506, 45–50.
Grassmé H., Jekle A., Riehle A., Schwarz H., Berger J., Sandhoff K., et al. (2001) CD95 signaling via ceramide-rich membrane rafts. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 20,589–20,596.
Grassmé H., Jendrossek V., Bock J., Riehle A., and Gulbins E. (2002) Ceramide-rich membrane rafts mediate CD40 clustering. J. Immunol. 168, 298–307.
Hannan L. A. and Edidin M. (1996) Traffic, polarity, and detergent solubility of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein after LDL-deprivation of MDCK cells. J. Cell Biol. 133, 1265–1276.
Henneberry A. L., Lagace T. A., Ridgway N. D., and McMaster C. R. (2001) Phosphatidylcholine synthesis influences the diacylglycerol homeostasis required for Sec14p-dependent Golgi function, and cell growth. Mol. Biol. Cell 12, 511–520.
Henneberry A. L., Wright M. M., and McMaster C. R. (2002) The major sites of cellular phospholipid synthesis and molecular determinants of fatty acid and lipid head group specificity. Mol. Biol. Cell 13, 3148–3161.
Hueber A.-O., Bernard A.-M., Herincs Z., Couzinet A., and He H.-T. (2002) An essential role for membrane rafts in the initiation of Fas/CD95-triggered cell death in mouse thymocytes. EMBO Rep. 3, 190–196.
Ikonen E. (2001) Roles of lipid rafts in membrane transport. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13, 470–477.
Kabarowski J. H., Zhu K., Le L. Q., Witte O. N., and Xu Y. (2001) Lysophosphatidylcholine as a ligand for the immunoregulatory receptor G2A. Science 293, 702–705.
Kearns B. G., McGee T. P., Mayinger P., Gedvilaite A., Phillips S. E., Kagiwada S., et al. (1997) Essential role for diacylglycerol in protein transport from the yeast Golgi complex. Nature 387, 101–105.
Kelley E. E., Modest E. J., and Burns C. P. (1993) Unidirectional membrane uptake of the ether lipid antineoplastic agent edelfosine by L1210 cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 45, 2435–2439.
Kobayashi T., Beuchat M. H., Lindsay M., Frias S., Palmiter R. D., Sakuraba H., et al. (1999) Late endosomal membranes rich in lysobisphosphatidic acid regulate cholesterol transport. Nat. Cell Biol. 1, 113–118.
Lala P., Ito S., and Lingwood C. A. (2000) Retroviral transfection of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells with human MDR1 results in a major increase in globotriaosylceramide and 105-to 106-fold increased cell sensitivity to verocytotoxin. Role of p-glycoprotein in glycolipid synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 6246–6251.
Lange Y. (1991) Disposition of intracellular cholesterol in fibroblasts. J. Lipid Res. 32, 329–339.
Lauer S., VanWye J., Harrison T., McManus H., Samuel B. U., Hiller N. L., et al. (2000) Vacuolar uptake of host components, and a role for cholesterol and sphingomyelin in malarial infection. EMBO J. 19, 3556–3564.
Liscovitch M., Lavie Y. 2000. Multidrug resistance: a role for cholesterol efflux pathways? Trends Biochem. Sci. 25, 530–534.
Liscum L. and Collins G. J. (1991) Characterization of Chinese hamster ovary cells that are resistant to 3-beta-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one inhibition of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol metabolism. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 16,599–16,606.
Liscum L. and Dahl N. K. (1992) Intracellular cholesterol transport. J. Lipid Res. 33, 1239–1254.
Liscum L. and Faust J. R. (1987) Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-mediated suppression of cholesterol synthesis and LDL uptake is defective in Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts. Biol. Chem. 262, 17,002–17,008.
Liscum L. and Faust J. R. (1989) The intracellular transport of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is inhibited in Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured with 3-beta-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]androst-5-en-17-one. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 11,796–17,806.
Liscum L., Ruggiero R. M., and Faust J. R. (1989) The intracellular transport of low density lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is defective in Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 108, 1625–1636.
Luker G. D., Nilsson K. R., Covey D. F., and Piwnica-Worms D. (1999) Multidrug resistance (MDR1) P-glycoprotein enhances esterification of plasma membrane cholesterol. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 6979–6991.
Mandon E. C., Ehses I., Rother J., van Echten G., and Sandhoff K. (1992) Subcellular localization and membrane topology of serine palmitoyltransferase, 3-dehydrosphinganine reductase, and sphinganine N-acyltransferase in mouse liver. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11,144–11,148.
Mattjus P., Bittman R., and Slotte J. P. (1996) Molecular interactions and lateral domain formation in monolayers containing cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines with acyl-or alkyl-linked C16 chains. Langmuir 12, 1284–1290.
Mayor S., Sabharanjak S., and Maxfield F. R. (1998) Cholesterol-dependent retention of GPI-anchored proteins in endosomes. EMBO J. 17, 4626–4638.
Melchiorri D., Martini F., Lococo E., Gradini R., Barletta E, De Maria R., et al. (2002) An early increase in the disialoganglioside GD3 contributes to the development of neuronal apoptosis in culture. Cell Death Diff. 9, 609–615.
Mollinedo F., Martinez-Dalmau R., and Modolell M. (1993) Early and selective induction of apoptosis in human leukemic cells by the alkyl-lysophospholipid ET-18-OCH3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 192, 603–609.
Mollinedo F., Gajate C., and Modolell M. (1994) The ether lipid 1-octadecyl-2-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine induces expression of fos and jun protooncogenes and activates AP-1 transcription factor in human leukaemic cells. Biochem. J. 302, 325–329.
Mollinedo F., Fernandez-Luna J. L., Gajate C., Martin-Martin B., Benito A., Martinez-Dalmau R., et al. (1997) Selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by the ether lipid ET-18-OCH3 (Edelfosine): Molecular structure requirements, cellular uptake, and protection by Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L). Cancer Res. 57, 1320–1328.
Morandat S., Bortolato M., and Roux B. (2002) Cholesterol-dependent insertion of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored enzyme. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1564, 473–478.
Nichols B. J. and Lippincott-Schwartz J. (2001) Endocytosis without clathrin coats. Trends Cell Biol. 11, 406–412.
Pauig S. B. and Daniel L. W. (1996) Protein kinase C inhibition by ET-18-OCH3 and related analogs. A target for cancer chemotherapy. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 416, 173–180.
Pelkmans L. and Helenius A. (2002) Endocytosis via caveolae. Traffic 3, 311–320.
Posse de Chaves E., Vance D. E., Campenot R. B., and Vance J. E. (1995) Alkylphosphocholines inhibit choline uptake and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rat sympathetic neurons and impair axonal extension. Biochem. J. 312, 411–417.
Powis G., Seewald M. J., Gratas C., Melder D., Riebow J., and Modest E. J. (1992) Selective inhibition of phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C by cytotoxic ether lipid analogues. Cancer Res. 52, 2835–2840.
Powis G. (1995) Anticancer drugs acting against signaling pathways. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 7, 554–559.
Puoti A., Desponds C., and Conzelmann A. (1991) Biosynthesis of mannosylinositolphosphoceramide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on genes controlling the flow of secretory vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi. J. Cell Biol. 113, 515–525.
Puri V., Watanabe R., Singh R. D., Dominguez M., Brown J. C., Wheatley C. L., et al. (2001) Clathrin-dependent and-independent internalization of plasma membrane sphingolipids initiates two Golgi targeting pathways. J. Cell Biol. 154, 535–547.
Rodriguez-Lafrasse C., Rousson R., Bonnet J., Pentchev P. G., Louisot P., and Vanier M. T. (1990) Abnormal cholesterol metabolism in imipramine-treated fibroblast cultures. Similarities with Niemann-Pick type C disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1043, 123–128.
Rothberg K. G., Ying Y. S., Kamen B. A., and Anderson R. G. (1990) Cholesterol controls the clustering of the glycophospholipid-anchored membrane receptor for 5-methyltetrafolate. J. Cell Biol. 111, 2931–2938.
Ruiter G. A., Zerp S. F., Bartelink H., van Blitterswijk W. J., and Verheij M. (1999) Alkyl-lysophospholipids activate the SAPK/JNK pathway and enhance radiation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 59, 2457–2463.
Ruiter G. A., Verheij M., Zerp S. F., and van Blitterswijk W. J. (2001) Alkyl-lysophospholipids as anticancer agents and enhancers of radiation-induced apoptosis. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 49, 415–419.
Ruiter G. A., Verheij M., Zerp S. F., Moolenaar W. H., and van Blitterswijk W. J. (2002) Submicromolar doses of alkyl-lysophospholipids induce rapid internalization, but not activation, of epidermal growth factor receptor and concomitant MAPK/ERK activation in A431 cells. Int. J. Cancer 102, 343–350.
Ruiter G. A., Zerp S. F., Bartelink H., van Blitterswijk W. J., and Verheij M. (2003) Anti-cancer alkyl-lysophospholipids inhibit the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt/PKB survival pathway. Anticancer Drugs 2, 167–173.
Schmidt A., Wolde M., Thiele C., Fest W., Kratzin H., Podtelejnikov A. V., et al. (1999) Endophilin I mediates synaptic vesicle formation by transfer of arachidonate to lysophosphatidic acid. Nature 401, 133–141.
Schmitz G., Kaminski W. E., and Orso E. (2000) ABC transporters in cellular lipid trafficking. Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11, 493–501.
Seewald M. J., Olsen R. A., Sehgal I., Melder D. C., Modest E. J., and Powis G. (1990) Inhibition of growth factor-dependent inositol phosphate Ca2+ signaling by antitumor ether lipid analogues. Cancer Res. 50, 4458–4463.
Siddhanta A., Backer J. M., and Shields D. (2000) Inhibition of phosphatidic acid synthesis alters the structure of the Golgi apparatus and inhibits secretion in endocrine cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 12,023–12,031.
Simons K. and Ikonen E. (2000) How cells handle cholesterol. Science 290, 1721–1726.
Simons K. and Toomre D. (2000) Lipid rafts and signal transduction. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1, 31–39.
Slotte J. P. and Bierman E. L. (1988) Depletion of plasma-membrane sphingomyelin rapidly alters the distribution of cholesterol between plasma membranes and intracellular cholesterol pools in cultured fibroblasts. Biochem. J. 250, 653–658.
Small G. W., Strum J. C., and Daniel L. W. (1997) Characterization of an HL-60 cell variant resistant to the antineoplastic ether lipid 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Lipids 32, 715–723.
Smets L. A., van Rooij H., and Salomons G. S. (1999) Signalling steps in apoptosis by ether lipids. Apoptosis 4, 419–427.
Sprong H., van der Sluijs P., and van Meer G. (2001) How proteins move lipids and lipids move proteins. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2, 504–513.
Stekar J., Hilgard P., and Klenner T. (1995) Opposite effect of miltefosine on the antineoplastic activity and haematological toxicity of cyclophosphamide. Eur. J. Cancer 31A, 372–374.
Storey M. K., Byers D. M., Cook H. W., and Ridgway N. D. (1998) Cholesterol regulates oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) phosphorylation and Golgi localization in Chinese hamster ovary cells: correlation with stimulation of sphingomyelin synthesis by 25-hydroxycholesterol. Biochem. J. 336, 247–256.
Swain E., Baudry K., Stukey J., McDonough V., Germann M., and Nickels J. T. Jr. (2002a) Sterol-dependent regulation of sphingolipid metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 26,177–26,184.
Swain E., Stukey J., McDonough V., Germann M., Liu Y., Sturley S. L., and Nickels J. T. Jr. (2002b) Yeast cells lacking the ARV1 gene harbor defects in sphingolipid metabolism. Complementation by human ARV1. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 36,152–36,160.
Tepper A. D., Ruurs P., Wiedmer T., Sims P. J., Borst J., and van Blitterswijk W. J. (2000) Sphingomyelin hydrolysis to ceramide during the execution phase of apoptosis results from phospholipid scrambling and alters cell-surface morphology. J. Cell Biol. 150, 155–164.
Tomassini B. and Testi R. (2002) Mitochondria as sensors of sphingolipids. Biochimie 84, 123–129.
Überall F., Oberhuber H., Maly K., Zaknun J., Demuth L., and Grunicke H. H. (1991) Hexadecylphosphocholine inhibits inositol phosphate formation and protein kinase C activity. Cancer Res. 51, 807–812.
van Blitterswijk W. J., van der Meer B. W., and Hilkman H. (1987) Quantitative contributions of cholesterol and the individual classes of phospholipids and their degree of fatty acyl (un)saturation to membrane fluidity measured by fluorescence polarization. Biochemistry 26, 1746–1756.
van Blitterswijk W. J., van der Luit A. H., Caan W., Verheij M., and Borst J. (2001) Sphingolipids related to apoptosis from the point of view of membrane structure and topology. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 29, 819–824.
van Blitterswijk W. J., van der Luit A. H., Veldman R. J., Verheij M., and Borst J. (2003) Ceramide: second messenger or modulator of membrane structure and dynamics. Biochem. J. 369, 199–211.
van der Luit A. H., Budde M., Ruurs P., Verheij M., and van Blitterswijk W. J. (2002) Alkyl-lysophospholipid accumulates in lipid rafts and induces apoptosis via raft-dependent endocytosis and inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 39,541–39,547.
van der Luit A. H., Budde M., Verheij M., and van Blitterswijk W. J. (2003) Different modes of internalization of apoptotic alkyl-lysophospholipid and cell-rescuing lysophosphatidylcholine. Biochem. J. 374, 747–753.
van Helvoort A., Smith A. J., Sprong H., Fritzsche I., Schinkel A. H., Borst P., et al. (1996) MDR1 P-glycoprotein is a lipid translocase of broad specificity, while MDR3 P-glycoprotein specifically translocates phosphatidylcholine. Cell 87, 507–517.
Venkataraman K. and Futerman A. H. (2000) Ceramide as a second messenger: Sticky solutions to sticky problems. Trends Cell. Biol. 10, 408–412.
Vidalain P. O., Azocar O., Servet-Delprat C., Rabourdin-Combe C., Gerlier D., and Manie S. (2000) CD40 signaling in human dendritic cells is initiated within membrane rafts. EMBO J. 19, 3304–3313.
von Haefen C., Wieder T., Gillissen B., Starck L., Graupner V., Dorken B., et al. (2002) Ceramide induces mitochondrial activation and apoptosis via a Bax-dependent pathway in human carcinoma cells. Oncogene 21, 4009–4019.
Wieder T., Geilen C. C., and Reutter W. (1993) Antagonism of phorbol-ester-stimulated phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by the phospholipid analogue hexadecylphosphocholine. Biochem. J. 291, 561–567.
Weigert R., Silletta M. G., Spano S., Turacchio G., Cericola C., Colanzi A., et al. (1999) CtBP/BARS induces fission of Golgi membranes by acylating lysophosphatidic acid. Nature 402, 429–433.
Zhou X. and Arthur G. (1995) Effect of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycerophosphocholine on phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis in MCF-7 and A549 cells and its relationship to inhibition of cell proliferation. Eur. J. Biochem. 232, 881–888.
Zhou X., Lu X., Richard C., Xiong W., Litchfield D. W., Bittman R., et al. (1996) 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-methyl-glycerophosphocholine inhibits the transduction of growth signals via the MAPK cascade in cultured MCF-7 cells. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 937–944.
Zoeller R. A., Layne M. D., and Modest E. J. (1995) Animal cell mutants unable to take up biologically active glycerophospholipids. J. Lipid Res. 36, 1866–1875.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
van der Luit, A.H., Verheij, M., van Blitterswijk, W.J. (2005). Raft Lipid Metabolism in Relation to Alkyl-Lysophospholipid-Induced Apoptosis. In: Mattson, M.P. (eds) Membrane Microdomain Signaling. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-803-X:091
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-803-X:091
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-354-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-803-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)