Skip to main content

Sudden Infant Death

  • Chapter
  • 3046 Accesses

Abstract

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a postmortem diagnosis that identifies an infant, usually less than 1 yr old, who dies a sudden and unexpected natural death during sleep and the cause of death is not apparent after autopsy. The differential diagnosis of SIDS from other causes of infant death is often difficult. Even after an adequate autopsy, approx 85% of cases of sudden death in infants (including SIDS) remain unexplained; the other 15% comprise a variety of explained disorders.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   229.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arens R, Gozal D, Jain K, et al. Prevalence of medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency in the sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 1993;122:715–718.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barness EG, Barness LA. Sudden infant death. Florida Pediatr 2002;XXV(4):25–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bays J, Chewning M, Keltner L, et al. Changes in hymenal anatomy during examination of prepubertal girls for possible sexual abuse. Adolesc Pediatr Gynecol 1990;3:42–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beal S. Sudden infant death syndrome related to sleeping position and bedding. Med J Aust 1991;155:507–508.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beal BM, Byard RW. Accidental death or sudden infant death syndrome? J Paediatr Child Health 1995;31:269–271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith JB. The sudden infant death syndrome. Curr Probl Ped 1973;3:1–37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beckwith JB. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003;157:286–290.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MJ. The laboratory diagnosis of inborn errors of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. Ann Clin Biochem 1990;27:519–531.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MJ, Allison F, Pollitt RJ, et al. Fatty acid oxidation defects as causes of unexpected death in infancy. In: Tanaka K, Coates PM, eds. Fatty Acid Oxidation; Clinical, Biochemical and Molecular Aspects, New York: Alan R. Liss, 1990, pp. 349–364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett MJ, Hale DE, Coates PM, et al. Postmortem recognition of fatty acid oxidation disorders. Pediatr Pathol 1991;11:365–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry PJ. Pathological findings in SIDS. J Clin Pathol 1992;45(Suppl):11–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bohm N. Pediatric Autopsy Pathology. St. Louis: Mosby, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boles RG, Martin SK, Blitzer MG, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of fatty acid oxidation disorders by metabolite analysis of postmortem liver. Hum Pathol 1994;25:735–741.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burchell A, Lyall H, Busuttil A, et al. Glucose metabolism and hypoglycaemia in SIDS. J Clin Pathol 1992; 45(Suppl):39–45.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Byard RW, Moore L, Bourne AJ. Sudden and unexpected death. Pediatr Pathol 1990;10:837–841.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick DL, Chin S, Salerno C, et al. Deaths from falls in children: How far is fatal? J Trauma 1991; 31:1353–1355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coates PM. Historical perspective of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: A decade of discovery. Prog Clin Biol Res 1992;375:409–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cravey RH, Baselt RC. Introduction to Forensic Toxicology. Davis, CA: Biomedical Publications, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  • Culbertson JL, Krous HF, Bendell D. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Medical Aspects and Psychological Management. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czegledy-Nagy EN, Cutz E, Becker LE. Sudden death in infants under one year of age. Pediatr Pathol 1993; 13:671–684.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dancea A, Cote A, Roblicek C, Bernard C, Oligny LL. Cardiac pathology in sudden unexpected infant death. J Pediatr 2002;141(3):336–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devine WA, Debich D, Anderson RH. Dissection of congenitally malformed hearts, with comments on the value of sequential segmental analysis. Pediatr Pathol 1991;11:235–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez FE, Tate LG, Robinson MJ. Familial fibromuscular dysplasia presenting as sudden death. Am J Cardiovasc Pathol 1988;2:269–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duhaime AC, Gennarelli TA, Thibault LE, et al. The shaken baby syndrome. A clinical, pathological and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg 1987;66:409–415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dwyer T, Ponsonby ALB, Newmann NM, et al. Prospective cohort study of prone sleeping position and sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet 1991;337:1244–1247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emery JL, Howat A, Variend S, et al. Investigation of inborn errors of metabolism in unexpected infant deaths. Lancet 1988;2:29–31.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feigin RD, Cherry JD. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friendly DS. Ocular aspects of physical child abuse. In: Hurley RD, ed. Pediatric Ophthalmology, 2nd ed., Vol. II. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1983, pp. 1218–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelb AB, Van Meter SH, Billingham ME, et al. Infantile histiocytoid cardiomyopathy—myocardial or conduction system hamartoma: What is the cell type involved? Hum Pathol 1993;24:1226–1231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert R. The changing epidemiology of SIDS. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:445–449.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Sudden infant death: A reappraisal. Contemp Pediatr 1995;12:88–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Nonmalformative cardiovascular pathology in infants and children. Ped Dev Path 1999;2:499–530.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert-Barness E, Barness LA. Sudden infant death. In: Finberg L, Kleinman RE, eds. Saunders Manual of Pediatric Practice, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2002, pp. 100–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert-Barness E, Hegstrand L, Chandra S, et al. Hazards of mattresses, beds and bedding in sudden death of infants. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1991;12:27–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilliland MGF, Luckenbach MW. Are retinal hemorrhages found after resuscitation attempts? Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1993;14:187–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giulian GG, Gilbert EF, Moss R. Elevated fetal hemoglobin levels in sudden infant death. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1122–1126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gregersen M, Rajs J, Laursen H, et al. Pathologic criteria for the Nordic study of SIDS. In: Rognum TO, ed. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995, pp. 50–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guntheroth WG. Crib Death. The Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, 2nd revised ed., Mount Kisco, NY: Futura, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo S, Moore WM. Weight and recumbent length from 1 to 12 months of age: Reference data for 1 month increments. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;49:599–607.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haddad LM, Winchester JF. Poisoning and Drug Overdose, 2nd ed., Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helfer RE, Slovis TL, Black M. Injuries resulting when small children fall out of bed. Pediatrics 1977; 60:533–535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt CE, Brouillette RT. Sudden infant death syndrome: 1987 perspective. J Pediatr 1987;110:669–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isaksen CV, Helweg-Larsen K. The impact of attempted resuscitation in SIS: Port-mortem findings. In: Rognum TO, ed. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson DL, Braun D, Friendly D. Accidental head trauma and retinal hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1993;33:231–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones AM, Weston JT. The examination of the sudden infant death syndrome infant: investigative and autopsy protocols. Forensic Sci 1976;1:833–841.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanter RK. Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation or child abuse. J Pediatr 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp JS, Thach BT. Sudden death in infants sleeping on polystyrene-filled cushions. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:1858–1863.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kinney HC, Filiano JJ, Sleeper LA, et al. Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the arcuate nucleus in sudden infant death syndrome. Science 1995;269:1446–1450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirschner R, Christoffel KK, Kerans ML, et al. Child Abuse/Neglect Autopsy Protocol, 1985. Convened by the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services and the Cook County Medical Examiner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinman PK, Blackbourne BD, Marx SC, et al. Radiologic contributions to the investigation and prosecution of cases of fatal infant abuse. N Engl J Med 1989;320:507–511.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer K, Goldstein B. Retinal hemorrhages following cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Clin Pediatr 1993; 32:366–368.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krous HF. Pathological considerations of sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatrics 1988;15:231–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krous HF. The international standardized autopsy protocol for sudden infant death. In: Rognum TO, ed. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995:81–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krous HF, Jordan J. A necropsy study of the distribution of petechiae in non-sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1984;108:75–76.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leestma JE. Forensic Neuropathology. New York: Raven Press, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levin AV, Sheridan MS. Munchausen syndrome by proxy. In: Issues in Diagnosis and Treatment. New York: Lexington Books, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maron BJ, Edwards JE, Henry WL, et al. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) in infancy. Circulation 1974; 50:809–820.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mason JK, ed. Pediatric Forensic Medicine and Pathology. London: Chapman and Hall, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna JJ, Thoman EB, Anders TF. Infant-parent co-sleeping in an evolutionary perspective: implications for understanding infant sleep development and the sudden infant death syndrome (a review). Sleep 1993;16:263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirchandani HG, et al. Passive inhalation of free-base cocaine (crack) smoked by infants, Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991;115:494–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nimityongskul P, Anderson L. The likelihood of injuries when children fall out of bed. J Pediatr Orthop 1987;7:184–186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norman MG, Smialek JE, Newman DE, et al. The postmortem examination on the abused child, pathological, radiographic and legal aspects. Perspect Pediatr Pathol 1984;8:313–343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao VJ, Wetli CV. The forensic significance of conjunctival petechiae. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1988;9:32–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reece RM, ed. Child Abuse: A Medical Reference, 2nd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe GR, Millington DS, Maltby DA, et al. Postmortem recognition of inherited disorders from specific acylcarnitines in tissues in cases of sudden infant death. Lancet 1987;2:512.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rognum TO, ed. Suddent Infant Death Syndrome. New Trends in the Nineties. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1995; pp. 70–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rognum TO. SIDS or not SIDS? Classification problems of sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr 1996; 85:401–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz DB, Giordano DA, Schultz DM. Weights of organs of fetuses and infants. Arch Pathol 1962;74:244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz DM, Giordano DA. Hearts of infants and children. Arch Pathol 1962;74:464–471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz PJ, Stramba-Badiale M, Seganti A, et al. Prolongation of the QT interval and the sudden infant death syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998;38:1709–1714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smialek JE, Lambros Z. Investigation of sudden infant death. Pediatrics 1988;15:191–197.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smialek MD, Smialek PZ, Spitz WN. Accidental bed deaths in infants due to unsafe sleeping conditions. Clin Pediatr 1977;16:1031–1036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sturner WQ, Spruill FG, et al. Accidental asphyxial deaths involving infants and young children. J Forensic Sci 1976;21:483–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashima S, Armstrong D, Becker L, et al. Cerebral hypoperfusion in the sudden infant death syndrome? Brainstem gliosis and vasculature. Ann Neurol 1978;4:257–262.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Treem WR, Witzleben CA, Piccoli DA, et al. Medium-chain and long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: clinical, pathologic and ultrastructural differentiation from Reye’s syndrome. Hepatology 1986;6:1270–1278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdes-Dapena M, Huff D. Perinatal Autopsy Manual. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Fascicle, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdes-Dapena M, Gilbert-Barness E, Naeye RL. Sudden death in infants. In: Gilbert-Barness E, ed. Potter’s Pathology of Infant and Fetus. Philadelphia: Mosby Year Book.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werthammer J, Brown ER, Neff RK, et al. Sudden infant death syndrome in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatrics 1982;69:301–303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willinger M, James LS, Catz C. Defining the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): Deliberations of an expert panel convened by the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatr Pathol 1991;11:667–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willinger M, Hoffman HJ, Hartford RB. Infant sleep position and risk for sudden infant death syndrome: Report of meeting held January 13 and 14, 1984. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Pediatrics 1994;93:814–819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson EF. Estimation of the age of cutaneous contusions in child abuse. Pediatrics 1977;60:750.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wissow LS. Child abuse and neglect. N Engl J Med 1996;332:1425–1431.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zupancic JA, Friedman JK, Alexander M, et al. Cost effectiveness and implication of newborn screening of prolongation of QT interval for prevention of sudden infant death syndrome. J Pediatr 2000;136:481–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

(2005). Sudden Infant Death. In: Gilbert-Barness, E., Debich-Spicer, D.E. (eds) Handbook of Pediatric Autopsy Pathology. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-673-8:451

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-673-8:451

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-224-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-673-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics