Abstract
The new reality of Lebanon saw a large portion of Jabal ‘Amil incorporated into a redefined “South Lebanon.” Within this incorporation, Jabal ’Amil was not perceived as a separate historical, geographic, or social entity, but the southern extension of and natural complement to the core (Mount Lebanon) of a state that was reclaiming its ancestral existence in the newly established Grand Liban. As such, the area was described and appreciated in terms of its natural resources and agricultural capacity. Its population was invisible except when connected to the central part that is Mount Lebanon, this connection being implicitly communitarian. This sparse population of the South is a persistent feature of the Lebanist discourse. The absence of the inhabitants of the new districts dates to before the creation of Grand Liban. The argument for the integration of the four provinces was invariably based on the “frontières naturelles” of Lebanon. This was developed earlier (in the late nineteenth century) by the various Lebanese Christian Francophile intellectual circles in the diaspora, predominantly from Mount Lebanon who promoted their vision to the French leading up to the Paris Peace settlement in 1919. These views are best examined in La Revue Phénicienne, first published in 1919.
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Notes
Michel Chiha, Politique Intérieure (Beirut, 1964), pp. 49–51. Chiha wrote this as late as 1944 in summation of the evolving Lebano-centric thought that was reified with the creation of the Grand Liban.
Meir Zamir, “Smaller and Greater Lebanon—The Squaring of a Circle?,” Jerusalem Quarterly, vol. 23 (1982), p. 34. 6. David Lloyd George, Memories of the Peace Conference (London, 1939), p. 758.
Cf. Jukka Nevakivi, Britain, France and the Arab Middle East 1914–1920 (London, 1969); Christopher Andrew and Alexander Kanya-Forstner, France Overseas (Stanford, 1981); Kedourie, England and the Middle East (Stanford, Calif., 1981); and John Spagnolo, France and Ottoman Lebanon, 1861–1914 (London, 1977).
Hakim-Dowek, “The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea 1840–1914” (Ph.D. thesis, Oxford University, 1997), pp. 132–148.
Martin Gilbert, Atlas of Jewish History (Dorset, U.K., 1984), p. 85.
Cf. Yusuf Sawda, Fi Sabil Lubnan (Alexandria, 1919); August Adib, Lubnan Ba‘d al-Harb (Cairo, 1919); Ferdinand Tyan, France et Liban (Paris, 1917); M. Jouplain, La question du Liban (Paris, 1908).
Cf. Hakim-Dowek, “The Origin of the Lebanese National Idea”; Asher Kaufman, “Reviving Phoenicia: The Search for an Identity in Lebanon,” chapters 2 and 3. Zamir, “Smaller and Greater Lebanon.”
Cf. Paul Huvelin, “Que vaut la Syrie‘” in Supplément to L’Asie Française, no. 1 (December 1921); “La Syrie,” Revue du Monde Musulman (Paris, 1912), pp. 32–68; E. Morel, L’influence Française dans le Levant et notamment en Syrie (Lyon, 1900); Jean Psichari, La Syrie (Paris, 1920); Baron de Comité, “En Turquie d’Asie,” in L’Asie Française, no. 145 (April 1913).
Lynn Lohéac, Daoud Ammoun et La création de l’état Libanais (Paris, 1978). 19. Issam Khalifa, al-Hudud al-Janubiyya li-Lubnan bayna Mawaqif Nukhab al-Tawa‘if wa-l-Sira’ al-Dawli (Beirut, 1985), p. 41. 20. Lohéac, Daoud Ammoun, p. 74.
Kamal Salibi, “Islam and Syria in the Writings of Henri Lammens,” in Bernard Lewis, ed., Historians of the Middle East (London, 1962).
Hakim-Dowek, “The Origin of the Lebanese National Idea,” pp. 148–157. 34. Temperley, History of the Peace Conferences, pp. 164–165.
Meir Zamir, The Formation of Modern Lebanon (London, 1985), p. 98. Census found in the MAE, E-Levant, vol. 39, p. 56. Zamir argues that the Muslims were underrepresented as many boycotted the census.
Meir Zamir, “Emile Eddé and the Territorial Integrity of Lebanon,” in Middle East Studies, vol. 14, no. 2 (1978), pp. 232–235.
Albert Hourani, “Lebanon: The Historians and the Formation of a National Image,” in The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (Oxford, 1981), p. 151.
Fawaz Traboulsi, “Identités et solidarité croisés dans les conflits du Liban contemporain” (Ph.D. thesis, Paris, VIII, 1993), pp. 312–313.
Cf. Raghid Solh, “Lebanon and Arab Nationalism, 1936–1945” (Ph.D. thesis, Oxford University, 1986), unpaginated, section on Conferences of the Coast. 89. ‘Itani, Mudhakkarat Bayruti (Beirut, 1977), p. 24.
Lebanese Republic. He was vocal in his critique of the Najaf schools publishing several articles on the subject, such as “Bawadir al-Islah fi Jamiyyat al-Najaf aw Nahdat Kashif al-Ghita’ ” (Glimpses of Reform at the Najaf University or the Nahda of Kashif al-Ghita’), in al-’Irfan, vol. 29 (1939), pp. 179–185.
Tarif Khalid, “Shaykh Ahmad ‘Arif al-Zayn and Al-’Irfan,” in Marwan Buheiri, ed., Intellectual Life in the Arab East 1890–1939, Beirut, 1981, p. 116. 96. Several works have dealt with the conferences and their impact, namely Hassan Hallaq, Mu’tamar al-Sahil wa-l-Aqdiya al-Arba‘a (Beirut, 1983); Raghid Solh, “Lebanon and Arab Nationalism, 1936–1945” (Ph.D. thesis, Oxford University, 1986); and Najwa Atiyah, “The Attitude of the Lebanese Sunnis towards the State of Lebanon” (Ph.D. thesis, London University, 1973).
Kamal Salibi, The Modern History of Lebanon (London, 1965), p. 187. 100. Hallaq, Mu’tamar al-Sahil, p. 81.
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© 2006 Tamara Chalabi
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Chalabi, T. (2006). Jabal ‘Amil Redefined:in the Nation State of Lebanon. In: The Shi‘is of Jabal ‘Amil and the New Lebanon. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982940_5
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