Abstract
The position of New York Puerto Ricans in hip hop culture must be understood within the historical context of Puerto Rican migration to New York City, their placement within the city’s racial and socioeconomic hierarchies and their relationship with African Americans and other Latinos.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
See Juan Flores, “Pan-Latino/Trans-Latino: Puerto Ricans in the ‘New Nueva York,’” Centro 8, nos. 1 and 2 (1996): 171–186.
See Angelo Falcón, Minerva Delgado and Gerson Borrero, Toward a Puerto Rican/Latino Agenda for New York City (New York: Institute for Puerto Rican Policy, 1989).
See Linda Chávez, Out of the Barrio: Towards a New Politics of Hispanic Assimilation (New York: Basic Books, 1991);
Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, “Trends in the Residential Segregation of Blacks, Hispanic and Asians,” in Norman R. Yetman, ed., Majority and Minority: The Dynamics of Race and Ethnicity in American Life (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1991);
Robert Smith, “‘Doubly Bounded’ Solidarity: Race and Social Location in the Incorporation of Mexicans into New York City,” paper presented at the Conference of Fellows: Program of Research on the Urban Underclass, Social Science Research Council, University of Michigan, June 1994.
See James Dietz, Economic History of Puerto Rico: Institutional Change and Capitalist Development (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991);
Centro de Estuclios Puertorriquenos, History Task Force, Labor Migration Under Capitalism: The Puerto Rican Experience (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979d).
Joseph P . F itzpatrick, Puerto Rican Americans: The Meaning of Migration to the Mainland (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987);
Vicky Muniz, Resisting Gentrification and Displacement: Voices of Puerto Rican Women of the Barrio (New York: Garland Publishing, 1998).
Nathan Kantrowitz, Ethnic and Racial Segregation in the New York Metropolis (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973), p. 23;
Dennis Conway and Ualthan Bigby, “Where Caribbean People Live in the City,” in Constance R. Sutton and Elsa M. Chaney, eds., Caribbean Life in New York City: Sociocultural Dimensions (New York: Center for Migration Studies of New York,1985), p. 81.
See Ramón Grosfoguel and Chloé Georas, “The Racialization of Latino Caribbean Immigrants in the New York Metropolitan Area,” Centro 8, nos. 1 and 2 (1996): 190–201;
Roberto Rodríguez-Morazzani, “Beyond the Rainbow: Mapping the Discourse on Puerto Ricans and “Race,” Centro 8, nos. 1 and 2 (1996): 150–169;
Andrés Torres, Between Melting Pot and Mosaic: African Americans and Puerto Ricans in the New York Political Economy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
See John U. Ogbu, Minority Education and Caste: The American System in Cross-Cultural Perspective (New York: Academic Press, 1978);
Douglas S. Massey and Brooks Bitterman, “Explaining the Paradox of Puerto Rican Segregation,” Social Forces 64, no. 2 (1985): 306–330;
Herbert Gans, “Second-Generation Decline: Scenarios for the Economic and Ethnic Futures of the Post-1965 Immigrant,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 15, no. 2 (1992): 173–192;
Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou, “The New Second Generation: Segmented Asimilation and Its Variants,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 530 (November 1993): 74–96.
See Flores, “Pan-Latino/Trans-Latino”; Torres, Between Melting Pot and Mosaic; Bonnie Urciuoli, Exposing Prejudice: Puerto Rican Experiences of Language, Race and Class (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
See James Early, “An African American-Puerto Rican Connection: An Auto-Bio-Memory Sketch of Political Development and Activism,” in Andrés Torres and José E. Velázquez, eds., The Puerto Rican Movement: Views from the Diaspora (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998);
Roberto Rodríguez-Morazzani, “Puerto Rican Political Generations in New York: Pioneros, Young Turks and Radicals,” Centro 4, no. 1 (1991–92): 96–116;
Torres , Between Melting Pot and Mosaic; Michael Abramson and Young Lords Party, Palante: Young Lords Party (New York: Pantheon, 1971).
See Philip Kasinitz, Caribbean New York: Black Immigrants and the Politics of Race (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992); Smith , “’Doubly Bounded’ Solidarity”;
Mary Waters, “Ethnic and Racial Identities of Second-Generation Black Immigrants in New York City,” in Alejandro Portes, ed., The New Second Generation (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1996), pp. 171–196.
William Kornblum, “Who Is the Underclass: Contrasting Approaches, a Grave Problem,” Dissent 38 (Spring 1991): 202–211;
Nicholas Lemann, “The Other Underclass,” The Atlantic Monthly (December 1991): 96–110;
Richie Pérez, “From Assimilation to Annihilation: Puerto Rican Images in U.S. Films,” Centro 2, no. 8 (Spring 1990): 8–27.
New York City Department of City Planning, Puerto Rican New Yorkers in 1990 (New York: Department of City Planning, 1994).
See, for example, Philipe Bourgois, In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in EI Barrio (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 79–80.
See Nancy Guevara, “Women Writin’, Rappin’, Breakin’,” in Mike Davis, ed., The Year Left (London: Verso Books, 1987), pp. 160–175;
Tricia Rose, Black Noise: Rap Music and Black Culture in Contemporary America (Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press, 1994).
See Juan Flores, “Writin’, Rappin’ & Breakin’,” Centro, no. 3 (1988): 34–41; Juan Flores, From Bomba to Hip-Hop (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999);
Steve Hager, Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Breakdancing, Rapping and Graffiti (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984);
Max Salazar, “Afro-American Latinized Rhythms,” in Vernon Boggs, ed., Salsiology: Afro-Cuban Music and the Evolution of Salsa in New York City (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992).
Carmen Dolores Hernández, Puerto Rican Voices in English: Interviews with Writers (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), p. 129.
See Jack Miles, “Blacks vs. Browns: The Struggle for the Bottom Rung,” The Atlantic Monthly 270, no. 4 (1992): 41–68; Torres, Between Melting Pot and Mosaic.
Juan Flores, “Puerto Rican and Proud, Boyee!: Rap, Roots and A mnesia,” Centro 5, no. 1 (1992–93): 28.
See Flores “Pan-Latino/Trans-Latino”; Geoffrey Fox, Hispanic Nation: Culture, Politics and the Construction of Identity (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996);
Carlos Pabón, “De Albizu a Madonna: Para armar y desarmar la nacionalidad,” bordes 2 (1995): 22–40.
See Clara Rodríguez, Puerto Ricans: Born in the U.S.A. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1991);
Víctor Rodríguez, “The Racialization of Puerto Rican Ethnicity in the United States,” in Juan Manuel Carrión, ed., Ethnicity, Race and Nationality in the Caribbean (Rio Piedras: Institute of Caribbean Studies, University of Puerto Rico, 1997).
See George Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981);
Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States (New York: Routledge, 1994).
See Carl N. Degler, Neither Black Nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971);
Harmannus Hoetink, “‘Race’ and Color in the Caribbean,” in Sidney W. Mint and Sally Price, eds., Caribbean Contours (Baltimore: John Hopkins University, 1985);
Eduardo Seda Bonilla, “Dos modelos de relaciones raciales: Estados Unidos y América Latina,” Revista de Ciencia Sociales 12, no. 4 (1968): 569–597.
See Tomas Blanco, El prejuicio racial en Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras: Ediciones Huracán, 1985);
Arlene Dávila, Sponsored Identities: Cultural Politics in Puerto Rico (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997);
José Luis Gonzalez, El país de cuatro pisos y otros ensayos (Rio Piedras: Ediciones Huracán, 1980);
Antonio S. Pedreira, Insularismo (Rio Piedras: Edil, 1992).
See Isabelo Zenón Cruz, Narciso descubre su trasero (Humacao: Furidi, 1975);
Arcadio Díaz Quiñones, “Tomás Blanco; racismo, historia y esclavitud,” in Tomas Blanco, El prejuicio racial en Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras: Ediciones Huracán, 1985), pp. 15–91;
Angela Jorge, “The Black Puerto Rican Woman in Contemporary Society,” in Edna Acosta-Belén, ed., The Puerto Rican Woman: Perspectives on Culture, History and Society (New York: Praeger, 1986); Gonzalez, EI país de los cuatro pisos;
Luis Rafael Sánchez, “La gente de color,” in No llores por nosotros Puerto Rico (Hanover, NH: Ediciones del Norte, 1998).
See Vernon Boggs, Salsiology: Afro-Cuban Music and the Evolution of Salsa in New York City (New York: Greenwood Press, 1992); Flores, From Bomba to Hip-Hop;
John Storm Roberts, The Latin Tinge: The Impact of Latin American Music on the United States (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979).
See Lola Aponte, “Para inventarse el Caribe: la construcción fenotípica de las antillas hispanófonas,” bordes, no. 2 (1995): 5–14; Coco Fusco, English Is Broken Here: Notes on Cultural Fusion in the Americas (New York: The New Press, 1995);
Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993).
See Cheryl Keyes, “At the Crossroads: Rap Music and Its African Nexus,” Ethnomusicology 40, no. 2 (Spring/Summer 1996): 223–247.
See Manuel Alvarez Nazario, El elemento afronegroide en el español de Puerto Rico (San Juan: Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1974); Russell Potter, “Calypso: Roots of the Roots,” http://www.ric.edu/rpotter/calypso.html;
Marshall Stearns, The Story of Jazz (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1958); Carlos “Tato” Torres and Ti-Jan Francisco Mbumba Loango, “Cuando la bomba ñama …!: Religious Elements of Afro-Puerto Rican Music,” manuscript 2001; Carlos “Tato”
Torres , “‘Cocobalé’: African Martial Arts in Bomba,” Güiro y Maraca 5, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 9–12;
Francisco Valcárcel, “An Introduction to Afro-Caribbean Martial Arts,” Güiro y Maraca 5, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 4–6.
Robert Farris Thompson traces uprocking back to various challenge dances in Kongo, such as nsunsa. See Robert Farris Thompson, Dancing Between Two Worlds: Kongo-Angola Culture and the Americas (New York: Caribbean Cultural Center, 1991).
David Toop, Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1991), p. 19.
See Anthony Lauria, “‘Respeto,’ ‘Relajo’ and Inter-personal Relations in Puerto Rico,” Anthropological Quarterly 37, no. 2 (1964): 62.
Ricardo Alegrria, “Puerto Rico y su cultura nacional,” speech presented in Ponce, Puerto Rico, May 23, 1971;
Eugenio Fernández Méndez, La identidad y la cultura (Rio Piedras: Edil, 1970).
See Arcadio Díaz Quinones, La memoria rota (Rio Piedras: Ediciones H uracán, 1993);
González, El pals de cuatro pisos; Lydia Milagros Gonzalez, ed., La tercera raíz: Presencia africana en Puertoico (San Juan: Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Puertorriqueña and Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1992);
Mayra Santos, “Puerto Rican Underground,” Centro 8, nos. 1 and 2 (1996): 219–231; Zenón Cruz, Narciso descubre su trasero.
See Jorge Duany, “Nation on the Move: The Construction of Identities in Puerto Rico and the Diaspora,” American Ethnologist 27, no. 1 (February 2000): 5–30; Dávila, Sponsored Identities.
See Luis Manuel Alvarez, “La presencia negra en la música puertorriqueña,” in Lydia Milagros González, ed., La tercera raíz: Presencia africana en Puerto Rico (San Juan: Centro de Estudios de la Realidad Puertorriqueña and Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1992), pp. 30–41;
Manuel Alvarez Nazario, El elemento afronegroide en el español de Puerto Rico (San Juan: Insrituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1974);
J. Emanuel Dufrasne, Puerto Rico también tiene … ¡tambó!: recopiilación de artículos sobre la plena y la bomba (Rio Grande: Paracumbé, 1994);
Angel Quintero Rivera, Salsa, sabor y control: Sociología de la música tropical (Ciudad de México: Siglo XXI Editores, 1999).
See Dick Hebdige, Cut N’ Mix: Culture, Identity and Caribbean Music (New York: Methuen & Co., 1987);
Daisann McLane, “The Forgotten Caribbean Connection,” New York Times, August 23, 1992, p. 22 (Arts and Leisure).
See Juan Cartagena, “Raíces: The Film Special by Banco Popular,” Güiro y Maraca 5, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 8.
See Raquel Ortiz, “El especial del Banco Popular,” El Nuevo Día, December 4, 2001, p. 91.
Néstor García Canclini, “Cultural Reconversion,” in George Yúdice, Jean Franco and Juan Flores, eds., On Edge: The Crisis of Contemporary Latin American Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1992), pp. 29–43;
Juan Flores, Divided Borders: Essays on Puerto Rican Identity (Houston: Arte Público Press, 1993);
Stuart Hall, Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990);
Peter Manuel, Caribbean Currents: Caribbean Music from Rumba to Reggae (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
George Lipsitz, Dangerous Crossroads: Popular Music, Postmodernism and the Poetics of Place (New York: Verso, 1997), p. 71.
Rodrigo Salazar, “Afro-Cuban Music 101,” Urban Latino Magazine 4 (Fall 1995): 21.
Jorge Cano-Moreno, “ La nueva visíon/The N ew Vision,” Urban Latino Magazine 4 ( Fall 1995): 8–9.
Copyright information
© 2003 Raquel Z. Rivera
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rivera, R.Z. (2003). Enter the New York Ricans. In: New York Ricans from the Hip Hop Zone. New Directions in Latino American Cultures. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981677_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981677_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-4039-6044-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4039-8167-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social & Cultural Studies CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)