Abstract
Ibsen’s heroine, Nora, aspired to emerge from her sheltered “doll’s house” and to become an autonomous human being as well as a wife and mother. But was such a thing possible? Scholars looked to the past for answers to this question often with dismal results, for history and prehistory seemed to show that woman’s subordination was universal throughout time and space. “Aeons of wrong, ere history was born,” wrote the British reformer Elizabeth Wolstenholme Elmy,
With added ages passed in slight and scorn, Maintained the chains of primal womanhood, And clogged in turn man’s power of greater good.1
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Notes
John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women [1859], rpt. in Millicent Garret Fawcett, ed., On Liberty, Representative Government, The Subjection of Women (New York: Oxford, 1912), 432.
Ernest Legouvé, Histoire Morale des Femmes (Paris: Didier, 1874), 7, 247; see also Karen Offen, “Ernest Legouvé and the Doctrine of `Equality and Difference’ for Women: A Case Study of Male Feminism in Nineteenth-Century French Thought,” journal of Modern History 58 (1986): 452–484.
Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (New York: D. Appleton, 1897), 597.
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and Susan K. Grogan, French Socialism and Sexual Difference: Women and the New Society, 1803–1844 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992).
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and Adam Kuper, “The Rise and Fall of Maine’s Patriarchal Theory,” in Alan Diamond, ed., The Victorian Achievement of Sir Henry Maine: A Centennial Reappraisal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 99–110.
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For example, Paula Webster, “Matriarchy: A Vision of Power,” in Rayna Rapp Reiter, ed., Toward an Anthropology of Women (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1975), 141–156. “Bachofen’s work has been appropriately criticized for its lack of empirical data and its substitution of mythology for history” (p. 143). Of course, very little empirical data was available before 1861!
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see also Richard Noll, The Jung Cult: The Origins of a Charismatic Movement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 151–176. Noll explains the considerable influence of Bachofen on Jung, a native of Basel whose grandfather, as rector of the university, had known the famous and eccentric scholar.
The Freud Jung Letters 504 (Jung—Freud, May 14, 1912). On Jung’s early development and his relationship to Freud, see John Kerr, A Most Dangerous Method: The Story of Jung, Freud and Sabina Spielrein (New York: Knopf and Random House, 1993), 105–348
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For example, by Cynthia Eller, The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won’t Give Women a Future (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2000).
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© 2005 Ann Taylor Allen
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Allen, A.T. (2005). “Aeons of Wrong”: Mothers in Prehistory and History. In: Feminism and Motherhood in Western Europe, 1890–1970. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981431_2
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