Abstract
What are the most salient features of Afghanistan’s latest bid for social, economic, and political reconstruction? How has the presence of a weak central government, made weaker by a long devastating war, affected foreign aid to the country, now and in the recent past? Are language, culture, and a common historical heritage sufficient to unite a nation? Are they sufficient to heal it in the aftermath of the long war?
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Notes
John D. Montgomery, Aftermath: Tarnished Outcomes of American Foreign Policy (Dover, MA: Auburn House, 1986), p. x.
James Dobbins, ‘Afghanistan’s Faltering Reconstruction,” New York Times, September 12, 2002, pp. 27–29; Condoleeza Rice, “Promoting the National Interest,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 79, No. 1 (January/February 2000): pp. 45–62, which argues for the priority of America’s “national interest” over either “humanitarian interests” or the interests of “the international communiry.’
Larry P. Goodson, Afghanistan’s Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban (Seattle, WA: University of Washingron Press, 2001), p. 18.
Peter R. Blood, ed., Afghanistan: A Country Study (Washington, DC: U.S. Library of Congress, 1997); Anthony Lake, ed., After the Wars: Reconstruction in Afghanistan, Indochina, Central America, Southern Africa, and the Horn ofAfrica (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1990).
Peter Marsden, The Taliban: War and Religion in Afghanistan (London: Zed Books, 2002).
Abdul Karim Khan, “The Khudai Khidmatgar (Servants of God)/Red Shirt Movement in the North-West Province of British India, 1927–1947,” Ph.D. Diss., University of Hawaii, 1997; Ali Banuazizi and Myron Weiner, eds., The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1986); and Sayed Wiqar Ali Shah, Ethnicity, Islam, and Nationalism: Muslim Politics in the NorthWest Frontier Province, 1937–47 (London: Oxford University Press, 1999).
Goodson, Afghanistan’s Endless War, esp. pp. 3–53; Anwar ul-Haq Ahady, “The Decline of the Pushtuns in Afghanistan,” Asian Survey, Vol. 35, No. 7 (July 1995): pp. 621–634.
Selig S. Harrison, “Afghanistan,” in Lake, After the Wars, p. 48.
Antonio Guistozzi, War, Peace, and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992 (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2000), p. 242.
Stephen P. Cohen, “State Building in Pakistan,” in Banuazizi and Wiener, The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics; John L. Esposito, “Islam: Ideology and Politics in Pakistan,” ibid., esp. pp. 343–346; Barnett R. Rubin, The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International System (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 2002), pp. 250–255.
Barnett R. Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan: From Buff r State to Failed State, (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), pp. 248–290.
See, e.g., Martha Brill Olcott, “Preventing New Afghanistans: A Regional Strategy for Reconstruction,” in Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief, No. 11 (January 2002) and International Trade Administration, ‘Afghanistan: The Commercial Landscape’ (Washington, DC: Department of Commerce, September 13, 2002).
Amin-Arsala, Brown, and Fisher quoted in “IRAN: Tripartite Agreement on Trade and Investment,” IRIN News, at <http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=27834> (May 20, 2002), p. 1; John B. Taylor, “Making Reconstruction Work in Afghanistan,” Speech to Council on Foreign Relations in Washington, DC, October 9, 2002, p. 3 at <http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/sasia/afghan/text/1009tayaf htm>.
Stanley Hoffman, “Clash of Globalizations,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 4 (July/August 2002): p. 115.
See John M. Heffron, “Nation-Building for a Venerable South: Moral and Practical Uplift in the New Agricultural Education, 1900–1920,” in Wayne J. Urban, ed., Essays in Twentieth Century Southern Education: Exceptionalism and its Limits (New York: Garland Publishing, 1999), pp. 43–51.
Maris A. Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations,” Journal of American History, Vol. 76, No. 1( June 1989): pp. 36–37; Claudia Golden, “Economic Cost of the American Civil War,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 35 (June 1975): pp. 299–326.
Donald et al., op. cit., pp. 481–482.
Johnson quoted in Brooks D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence, KA: University Press of Kansas, 1998), p. 75.
Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966). Stampp argues that to Lincoln, “restoring the old relationship between the southern states and the Union was the essence of reconstruction,” p. 27.
See Frank Charles Costigliola, “The Politics of Financial Stabilization: American Reconstruction Policy in Europe, 1924–30,” Ph.D. Diss., Cornell University, 1973.
Francesco, Nitti, The Decadence of Europe: The Path of Reconstruction (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1923), pp. 239, 261; Herbert Hoover, America’s First Crusade (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1942), p. 46.
William L. Langer, ed., and compiled, An Encyclopedia of World History (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), p. 959; Louis Aubert, The Reconstruction of Europe (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1925), esp. pp. 82–110; Carl Fink, Axel Frohn, and Jurgen Heideking, eds., Genoa, Rapallo, and European Reconstruction in 1922 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, and the Cold War 1945–1980 (New York: John Wiley, 1980), p. 63.
Howard B. Schonberger, Aftermath of War: Americans and the Remaking of Japan, 1945–1952 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1989), pp. 11–39, 134–160.
John Dower, Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II (New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), pp. 69–73, 211.
Roy Licklider, “Obstacles to Peace Settlements,” in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Osler Hampson, and Pamela Aall, eds., Turbulent Peace: The Challenges of Managing International Conflict (Washington, DC: United States Institute for Peace, 2001), pp. 707, 697–718; Krishna Kumar, “The Nature and Focus of International Assistance for Rebuilding War Torn Societies,” in Krishna Kumar, ed., Rebuilding Societies after Civil War: Critical Roles for InternationalAssistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 1–38.
Karin von Hippel, “Democracy by Force: A Renewed Commitment to Nation Building,” Washington Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Winter 2000): pp. 95–112.
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
Michael Ignatieff, “Nation-Building Lite,” New York Times, July 28, 2002, p. 5 at <http://query. nytimes. co/search>.
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© 2004 John D. Montgomery and Dennis A. Rondinelli
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Heffron, J.M. (2004). Between Reconstruction and Restoration: Three Historical Case Studies. In: Montgomery, J.D., Rondinelli, D.A. (eds) Beyond Reconstruction in Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981172_4
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