Abstract
Gently spread across the Valle Peligna and commanded on two sides by Apennine massifs in the Abruzzi region of Italy is the town of Sulmona, birthplace of the Roman poet Ovid. At one end of the Corso Ovidio, Sulmona’s main artery, stands a bronze bust of another native son, Carlo Tresca. Sculpted by Minna Harkavy, this statuette bears the inscription, “Carlo Tresca: Socialist Exile, Martyr of Liberty.” Until recently, most Sulmonese know little more than that about the young firebrand who challenged the town’s rich and powerful at the turn of the century and then emigrated to the United States.1
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Notes
See Italia Gualtieri, ed., Carlo Tresca: Vita e morte di un anarchico italiano in America ( Chieti: Casa Editrice Tinari, 1994 ).
For details regarding Tresca’s parents, see The Autobiography of Carlo Tresca, edited by Nunzio Pernicone (New York: The John D. Calandra Italian American Institute, 2003), 1–7; Guadagni and Vidal, Omaggio, 6–7. Also, the author’s interview with Tresca’s daughter, Beatrice Tresca Rapport, Arlington, MA, November 12–14, 1973. After the initial interview, Mrs. Rapport provided the author with additional information in several lengthy letters and more than a dozen long-distance telephone calls. For the sake of brevity, only the interview will be cited hereafter.
Giovanni Giolitti, Discorsi parlamentari, 2 vols. (Rome: Camera dei Deputati, 1953–1956), 2:633.
See Rinaldo Rigola, Storia del movimento operaio italiano (Milan: Editoriale Domus, 1947), 158–159, 214–223, 282–283
Daniel Horowitz, The Italian Labor Movement ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1963 ), 48–78
Maurice Neufeld, Italy: School For Awakening Countries ( Ithaca: New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, 1961 ), 227–232
Nunzio Pernicone, “The Italian Labor Movement,” in Edward R. Tannenbaum and Emiliana Noether, eds., Modern Italy: A Topical History Since 1861 ( New York: New York University Press, 1974 ), 201–203.
Alfredo Angiolini and Eugenio Ciacchi, Socialismo e socialisti in Italia (Florence: Casa Editrice Nerbini, 1919), 367, 381
Roberto Michels, Il Proletariato e la borghesia nel movimento socialista italiano (Turin: Fratelli Bocca Editore, 1908), 137–138, 174–175.
Ibid.; Angiolini and Ciacchi, Socialismo e socialisti in Italia, 559–563; Christopher Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism (London: Methuan, 1967 ), 255–256; Il Germe ( Sulmona ), March 2, 1902.
Il Germe, July 26, 1903; Libertario Guerrini, Organizzazioni e lotte dei ferrovieri italiani, vol. I: 1862–1907 (Florence: Nuova Stampa, 1957), 237.
Ibid., 67–68; Renzo De Felice, Mussolini il rivoluzionario, 1883–1920 ( Turin: Giulio Einaudi Editore, 1965 ), 35.
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© 2005 Nunzio Pernicone
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Pernicone, N. (2005). Revolutionary Apprenticeship. In: Carlo Tresca. Italian and Italian American Studies. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403981097_2
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