Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to highlight the intellectual processes involved in policy analysis. The chapter discusses (a) notions of professional reasoning; (b) clinical reasoning and cognitive processes in the clinical process of policy analysis; (c) theories of cognition and bounded rationality that contribute to policy analysis practice (i.e., problem solving, prediction and decision making); and (d) awareness of these issues and instructional implications for enabling a learner to successfully join the policy analysis professional community. The author proposes a pedagogy of learning through inference as it yields embodied concepts that can be reclaimed in future related diagnostic contexts.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allard, F. 1993. Cognition, Expertise, and Motor Performance. In Cognitive Issues in Motor Expertise. J.L. Starkes and F. Allard, eds. North Holland: Elsevier.
Amsterdam, A.G. 1984. Clinical legal education—A 21st-century perspective. Journal of Legal Education 34: 612–19.
Bardach, E. 1976. Gathering data for policy research. Journal of Urban Analysis 1974 (2): 117–44.
—. 2000. A Practical Guide for Policy Analysis: The Eightfold Path to More Effective Problem Solving. New York: Chatham House Publishers.
Barzelay, M. 2001. The New Public Management: Improving Research and Policy Dialogue. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Becker, H.S. 1978. Arts and crafts. American Journal of Sociology 83 (4): 862–9.
Berger, J.O. 1985. Theory of Sets of Probabilities (and Related Models) in a Nutshell. In Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Brewer, G.D. and P. deLeon. 1983. The Foundations of Policy Analysis. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Bruner, J.S. 1963. The Process of Education. New York: Vintage Books, Random House.
Brunswick, E. 1943. Organismic achievement and environmental probability. Psychological Review 50: 255–72.
Chapman, L.J. and J.P. Chapman. 1966. Genesis of popular but erroneous psycho-diagnostic observations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 72(3): 193–204.
Clement, J. 1988. Imagery in problem solving in physics. Paper presented at the Workshop on Cognition in Science Learning, Tel Aviv, Israel.
Conslisk, J. 1996. Why bounded rationality? Journal of Economic Literature 34(2): 669–700.
Czerlinski, J., G. Gigerenzer and D.G. Goldstein. 1999. How Good Are Simple Heuristics? In Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart. G. Gigerenzer, P.M. Todd and the ABC Research Group, eds. New York: Oxford University Press.
Dewey, J. 1933. How We Think: A Restatement of the Relationship of Reflective Thinking to Educative Process. Boston: Heath.
—. 1938. Logic and the Theory of Inquiry. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Dunn, W.N. 1981. Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Edwards, W 1954. The theory of decision making. Psychological Bulletin 51: 380–417.
Elmore, R.F. 1985. Forward and Backward Mapping: Reversable Logic. In Policy Implementation in Federal and Unitary Systems. K. Hanf and T.A.J. Toonen, eds. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Elstein, A.S. 2000. Clinical problem solving and decision psychology: Comment on the epistemology of clinical reasoning. Academic Medicine 7510: 134–9.
Elstein, A.S. and A. Schwarz. 2002. Clinical problem solving and diagnostic decision making: Selective review of the cognitive literature. British Medical Journal 324: 729–36.
Ericsson, K.A. and W. Kintsch. 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychology Review 102: 211–45.
Etzioni, A. 1985. Making policy for complex systems. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 4(3): 383–95.
Fischer, Frank and John Forester, eds. 1993. The Argumentative Turn in Policy Analysis and Planning. London: UCL Press.
Gagne, E.D. 1984. Psychology of Learning. Boston: Little Brown.
Center, D. and A. Stevens. 1983. Mental Models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Geva-May, I. 2002. Comparative studies in public administration and public policy. Public Management Review 26: 3.
Geva-May, I. and A. Maslove. 2000. What prompts health care policy change? On political power contests and treatment of health care systems: The case of Canada and Israel. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 25(4): 717–42.
Geva-May, I. with A. Wildavsky. 1997 [2001]. An Operational Approach to Policy Analysis: The Craft. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Gigerenzer, G. 1999. The Adaptive Toolbox. In Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. G. Gigerenzer and R. Selten, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Gigerenzer, G. and R. Selten, eds. 1999. Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Gigerenzer, G. and R Selten. 1999. Rethinking Rationality. In Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. G. Gigerenzer and R Selten, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Goldberg, L.R. 1968. Simple models or simple processes? Some research on clinical judgments. American Psychologist 23(7): 483–97.
Goldstein, D.G., G. Gigerenzer, R.M. Hogarth, A. Kacelnik, Y. Kareev, G. Klein, L. Martignon, J.W. Payne and K.H. Schlag. 1999. Group Report: When do Heuristics Work? In Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. G. Gigerenzer and R Selten, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Grefher, D. 1992. Testing Bayes’ rule and the representativeness heuristic: some experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behaviour and Organization. 17(1): 31–57.
Grether, D. and C. Plaott. 1979. Economic theory of choice and the preference reversal phenomenon. American Economic Review 69(4): 623–38.
Hammond, K.R. 1996. Human Judgment and Social Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Hennessey, S. 1993. Situated cognition and cognitive apprenticeship. Studies in Science Education 22: 1–41.
Herrenstein, R. and D. Prelec. 1991. Melioration: A theory of distributed choice. Journal of Economic Perspectives 5(3): 137–56.
Hoppe, R. and I. Geva-May, eds. 2002. Cultural theory and its contribution to policy analysis. Special Issue. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 4:3.
Ingram, H. 1990. Implementation: A Review and Suggested Framework. In Public Administration: The State of the Art. N.B. Lynn and A. Wildavsky, eds. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
Kahneman, D., J. Knetsch and R. Thaler. 1991. Anomalies: The endowment effect, loss aversion, and status quo bias. Journal of Economic Perspectives 5(1): 193–206.
Kahneman, D., P. Slovic and A. Tversky, eds. 1982. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kassirer, J.P. and R.I. Kopelman. 1991. Learning Clinical Reasoning. Baltimore, MA: Williams and Wilkins.
Lerner, D. and H.D. Lasswell, eds. 1951. The Policy Sciences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Lewin, K. 1938. The Conceptual Representations and the Measurement of Psychological Forces. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Loewenstein, G. and R.H. Thaler. 1989. Intertemporal choice. Journal of Economic Perspectives 3(4): 181–93.
Lynn, L.E. 1996. Public Management as Art, Science, and Profession. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.
—. 1999. Teaching and Learning with Cases. New York: Chatham House.
Mach, E. 1983. The Science of Mechanics. 9th ed. Trans. Thomas McCormack. London: Open Court.
MacRae, D. and J. Wilde. 1979. Policy Analysis for Public Decisions. California: Duxbury Press.
Majone, G. n.d. Craftmanship. In The Uses of Policy Analysis. Manuscript.
—. 1975. On the notion of political feasibility. European Journal of Political Research 3: 259–72.
—. 1977. Pitfalls of analysis and analysis of pitfalls. Journal of Urban Analysis 4: 232–51.
—. 1989. An Anatomy of Pitfalls. In Pitfalls of Analysis. G. Majone and S. Quade, eds. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
Majone, G. and S. Quade, eds. 1989. Pitfalls of Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
May, P. 1986. Politics and policy analysis. Political Science Quarterly 101(1): 109–25.
—. 1989. Hints for crafting alternative policies. Policy Analysis 7(2): 227–44.
Meltsner, A. 1972. Political feasibility and policy analysis. Public Administration Review 32: 859–67.
—. 1976. Policy Analysis in the Bureaucracy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Mintrom, M. 2003. People Skills for Policy Analysts. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Newell, A. and H.A. Simon. 1972. Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Nisbett, R and L. Ross. 1980. Human Interferences: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Norman, G.R. 2000. The epistemology of clinical reasoning: Perspectives from philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience. Academic Medicine 75(10): 127–33.
Norman, G.R. and H.G. Schmidt. 1992. The psychological basis of problem-based learning: A review of the evidence. Academic Medicine 67: 557–65.
Patton, C.V. and D.S. Sawicki. 1993. Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Payne, J.W., J.R. Bettman and E.J. Johnson. 1993. The Adaptive Decision Maker. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Piaget, J. 1953. Logic and Psychology. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
—. 1977. The Development of Thought. New York: Viking Press.
—. 1985. The Equilibrium of Cognitive Structures: The Central Problem of Intellectual Development. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Rabin, M. 1998. Psychology and economics. Journal of Economic Literature 36(1): 11–46.
Radin, B.A. 2000. Beyond Machiavelli: Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Reiner, M. 1998. Thought experiments and collaborative learning in physics. International Journal of Science Education 20: 1043–58.
—. 2000. Thought Experiments and Embodied Cognition. In Developing Models in Science Education. J.K. Gilbert and C.J. Boulter, eds. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Reiner, M. and J. Gilbert. 2000. Epistemological resources for thought experimentation in science learning. International Journal of Science Education 22(5): 489–506.
Riker, W.H. 1983. Political Theory and the Art of Heresthetics. In Political Science: The State of the Discipline. Ada Finifter, ed. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.
—. 1984. The heresthetics of constitution-making: The Presidency in 1787, with on determinism and rational choice. American Political Science Preview 78: 1–16.
—. 1986. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
—. 1990. Heresthetic and Rhetoric in the Spatial Model. In Advances in the Spatial Theory of Voting. J.M. Enelow and M.J. Hinich, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sargent, T.J. 1993. Bounded Rationality in Macroeconomics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sauermann, H. and R Selten. 1962. Anpassungstheorie der Unternehmung. Zges. Staatswiss 118: 577–97.
Scott, J. 1998. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes To Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press.
Selten, R 1999. What is Bounded Rationality? In Bounded Rationality. The Adaptive Toolbox. G. Gigerenzer and R Selten, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Simon, H.A. 1956. Rational choice and the structure of environments. Psychological Review 63: 129–38.
Stigler, G.J. 1961. The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy 69: 213–25.
Stokey, E. and R. Zeckhouser. 1978. A Primer for Policy Analysis. New York: W.W. Norton and Co.
Todd, P.M. 1999. Fast and Frugal Heuristics and Environmentally Bounded Minds. In Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. G. Gigerenzer and R. Selten, eds. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman. 1974. Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185: 1124–31.
—. 1981. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211:453–8.
Tversky, A. and R Thaler. 1990. Anomalies: Preference reversals. Journal of Economic Perspectives 4(2): 201–11.
Webber, D.J. 1986. Analyzing political feasibility: Politics’ unique contribution to policy analysis. Policy Studies Journal 14(4): 545–53.
Weick, Karl. 2001. Making Sense of the Organization. Oxford: Blackwell.
Weimer, D.L. 1992. The craft of policy design: Can it be more than art? Policy Studies Review 11(3/4): 370–87.
—. 1993. The current state of the design craft: Borrowing, tinkering, and problem solving. Public Administration Review 53(2): 110–20.
Weimer, D.L. and A.R. Vining. 1989 [2000]. Policy Analysis Concepts and Practice. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
—. 1979. Speaking Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis. Hampshire: Macmillan Press.
Wildavsky, A.B. 1987. Speaking Truth to Power: The Art and Craft of Policy Analysis. Boston: Little, Bown & Co.
Williams, W 1998. Elonest Numbers and Democracy. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2005 Iris Geva-May
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Geva-May, I. (2005). Thinking Like a Policy Analyst. In: Geva-May, I. (eds) Thinking Like a Policy Analyst. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980939_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980939_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-53119-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4039-8093-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)