Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Generating Social Capital pp 19–42Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

The Sources of Social Capital

  • Chapter

Abstract

Have the citizens of Western democracies lost their trust in each other? If so, what are the sources of this unfortunate development and what are the consequences? Why can citizens in some regions or villages join together and solve their collective action problems while others cannot? These questions have been prompted in large part by the growing conviction that the answers are crucial both to political stability and to economic development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Almond, G. and Verba, S. (1963). The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, J. and Tobiasen, M. (2003). “Who Are These Political Consumers Anyway? Survey Evidence from Denmark.” In M. Micheletti, A. Føllesdal and D. Stolle (eds.), Politics, Products, and Markets. Exploring Political Consumerism Past and Present. New Brunswick: Transaction Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anheier, H. (2001). “Dimensions of the Third Sector: Comparative Perspectives on Structure and Change.” Working Paper, Centre for Civil Society, London School of Economics, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banfield, E. (1958). The Moral Basis of a Backward Society. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennich-Björkman, L. (1998). “Strong Individuals, Weak Society? Child Rearing and the Decline of Social Capital after World War II.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Warwick, March 23–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman. S. (1997). “Civil Society and Political Institutionalization.” American Behavioral Scientist 40, 562–574.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Billiet, J. and Cambré, B. (1996). “Social Capital, Active Membership in Voluntary Associations and Some Aspects of Political Participation.” Paper presented at conference on social capital and democracy, Milan, October 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boix, C. and Posner, D. (1998). “Social Capital: Explaining Its Origins and Effects on Government Performance.” British Journal of Political Science 28(4), 686–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, J. and Bayer Richard, P. (1998). “Civil Society and Political Context in Central America.” American Behavioral Scientist 42(1), 33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brehm, J. and Rahn, W. (1997). “Individual Level Evidence for the Causes and Consequences of Social Capital.” American Journal of Political Science 41, 999–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, E. (1999). “Securing Political Returns to Social Capital: Women’s Associations in the United States.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 30(4), 613–638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1988). “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94, S95–S120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, P., Koopmans, R. and van den Broek, A. (1997). “Voluntary Associations, Social Movements and Individual Political Behavior in Western Europe.” In van Deth, J. (ed.), Private Groups and Public Life. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dekker, P. and J. de Hart (1999). “Civic Engagement and Volunteering in the Netherlands.” pp. 75–107. In J. van Deth et al. (eds.), Social Capital and European Democracy. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eastis, C. M. (1998). “Organizational Diversity and the Production of Social Capital.” American Behavioral Scientist 42(1), 66–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, B. and Nosanchuck, T. A. (1990). “How an Apolitical Association Politicizes.” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 27, 206–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. (1963). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1999). Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ferree, M. M. and Martin, P. (eds., 1995). Feminist Organizations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foley, M. and Edwards, B. (1996). “The Paradox of Civil Society.” Journal of Democracy 7, 38–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foley, M. and Edwards, B. (1998). “Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and Social Capital in Comparative Perspective.” American Behavioral Scientist 42(1), 5–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity. London: Hamish Hamilton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fukuyama, F. (1999). The Great Disruption. Human Nature and the Reconstitution of Social Order. London: Profile Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. S. (1973). “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78, 1360–1380.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, M. (1985). “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91, 481–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gundelach, P. and Torpe, L. (1997). “Social Capital and the Democratic Role of Voluntary Associations.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Bern, Switzerland, February 27–March 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, J., Merkens, H. and Boehnke, K. (1995). “Delinquency and Disdain: Social Capital and the Control of Right-wing Extremism among East and West Berlin Youth.” The American Journal of Sociology 100(4), 1028–1052.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, P. (1999). “Social Capital in Britain.” British Journal of Political Science 29(3), 417–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanks, M. and Eckland, B. (1978). “Adult Voluntary Associations and Adolescent Socialization.” Sociological Quarterly 19, 481–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, M. (2000). “Organizational Diversity and the Production of Social Capital. A Survey Analysis of Differential Socialization Effects in Voluntary Associations.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington D.C., August 31–September 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, M. (2001), “Not for my kind of people. Adaptive Preference Formation and Political Passivity.” pp. 162–175. In P. Dekker and E. Uslaner (eds.), Social Capital and Participation in Everyday Life. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, M. (2003). “Participation in Voluntary Associations and Value Indicators.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 32(1), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe, M. and Derks, A. (1997). “Voluntary Associations and the Creation of Social Capital: The Involvement Effect of Participation.” Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions, Bern, Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Postmodernization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, R. and Miller, R. (1998). “Social Capital and Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 1, 47–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C. and Peterson, P. (1991). The Urban Underclass. Washington: Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, H. and Rotter, J. (1969). “Interpersonal Trust Scores of College Students and Their Parents.” Child Development 40, 657–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenstein, M. (1998). Faithful and Fearless. Moving Feminist Protest inside the Church and the Military. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi, I. et al. (1997). “Social Capital, Income Inequality, and Mortality.” American Journal of Public Health 87, 1491–1498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knack, S. and Keefer, P. (1997). “Does Social Capital Have an Economic Payoff? A Cross-Country Investigation.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, 1251–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korpi, W. and Palme, J. (1998). “The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality.” American Sociological Review 63, 661–687.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, E. C. (1996). “The Data Just Do Not Show the Erosion of America’s Social Capital.” Public Perspective 7(1), 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laitin, D. D. (1995). “The Civic Culture at 30.” American Political Science Review 89(1), 168–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R. et al. (2000). “Trust in Large Organizations.” pp. 310–324. In P. Dasgupta and I. Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital. Washington: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levi, M. (1996). “Social and Unsocial Capital: A Review Essay of Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work.” Politics and Society 24(1), 45–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levi, M. (1998). “A State of Trust.” In V. Braithwaite and M. Levi (eds.), Trust and Governance. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loury, G. (1977). “A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences.” In P. Wallace (ed.), Women, Minorities, and Employment Discrimination. Lexington: Heath.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowndes, V. (2000). “Women and Social Capital.” British Journal of Political Science 30, 533–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Micheletti, M. (2003). “Why More Women? Issues of Gender and Political Consumerism.” In M. Micheletti, A. Føllesdal and D. Stolle (eds.), Politics, Products, and Markets. Exploring Political Consumerism Past and Present. New Brunswick: Transaction Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Micheletti, M., Føllesdal, A. and Stolle, D. (eds., 2003). Politics, Products, and Markets. Exploring Political Consumerism Past and Present. New Brunswick: Transaction Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moller Okin, S. (1989). Justice, Gender and the Family. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moyser, G. and Parry, G. (1997). “Voluntary Associations and Democratic Participation in Britain.” In J. van Deth (ed.), Private Groups and Public Life. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, C. (1994). “Conflict Networks and the Origins of Women’s Liberation.” In E. Larana, H. Johnston and R. Gusfield (eds.), New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutz, D. (2002). “Cross-cutting Social Networks: Testing Democratic Theory in Practice.” American Political Science Review 96(1), 111–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutz, D. and Mondak, J. (1998). “Democracy at Work: Contributions of the Workplace Toward a Public Sphere.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association Meeting, Chicago, April 23–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, K. (1997). “Social Capital and Democracy.” American Behavioural Scientist 40(6), 575–586.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, M. (1972). “Social Participation and Voting Turnout.” American Sociological Review 37, 317–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paxton, P. (1999). “Is Social Capital Declining in the United States?” American Journal of Sociology 105(1), 88–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petro, N. (2001). “Creating Social Capital in Russia: The Novgorod Model.” World Development 29(2), 229–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popielarz, P. (1999). “(In)voluntary Association: A Multilevel Analysis of Gender Segregation in Voluntary Associations.” Gender and Society 13(2), 234–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portes, A. (1998). “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24, 1–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (1995a). “Bowling Alone: Democracy in America at the End of the Twentieth Century.” Nobel Symposium. Uppsala, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (1995b). “Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America.” Political Science and Politics 28, 664–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (2000). Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. (ed., 2002). Democracies in Flux: The Evolution of Social Capital in Contemporary Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Renshon, S. (1975). “Personality and Family Dynamics in the Political Socialization Process.” American Journal of Political Science 19(1), 63–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, D., Bultena, G. and Barb, K. (1975). “Voluntary Associations Membership and Political Participation.” Sociological Quarterly 16, 305–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, B. (1998). Just Institutions Matter: The Moral and Political Logic f the Universal Welfare State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Rothstein, B. (2002). “Social Capital and the Social Democratic State: The wedish Model and Civil Society.” In R. Putnam (ed.), Democracies in lux. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlozman, K. et al. (1995). “Gender and Citizen Participation: Is there a ifferent Voice?” American Journal of Political Science 39(2), 267–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seligson, A. (1999). “Civic Association and Democratic Participation in Central America.” Comparative Political Studies 32, 342–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sides, J. (1999). “It Takes Two: The Reciprocal Relationship between Social Capital and Democracy.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, September 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skocpol, T. (1992). Protecting Soldiers and Mothers. The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skocpol, T. et al. (1993). “Women’s Associations and the Enactment of Mothers’ Pensions in the United States.” American Political Science Review 87(3), 686–701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skocpol, T. (1996). “Unravelling from Above.” American Prospect 25, 20–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skocpol, T., Ganz, M. and Munson, Z. (2000). “A Nation of Organizers: The Institutional Origins of Civic Voluntarism in the United States.” American Political Science Review 94(3), 527–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. (2000). Communities of Trust: Social Capital and Public Action in Comparative Perspective. Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. (2001a). “Clubs and Congregations: The Benefits of Joining an Association.” pp. 202–244. In Karen Cook (ed.), Trust in Society. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. (2001b). “Getting to Trust: An Analysis of the Importance of Institutions, Families, Personal Experiences and Group Membership.” In P. Dekker and E. Uslaner (eds.), Politics in Everyday Life. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. (forthcoming). “Communities, Social Capital and Local Government—Generalized Trust in Regional Settings.” In P. Selle and A. Prakash (eds.), Investigating Social Capital. New Delhi: Sage India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. and Hooghe, M. (2002). “Conflicting Approaches to the Study of Social Capital.” Ethical Perspectives 9(2), in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. and Rochon, T. (1998). “Are All Associations Alike? Member Diversity, Associational Type and the Creation of Social Capital.” American Behavioral Scientist 42(1), 47–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. and Rochon, T., (1999). “The Myth of American Exceptionalism: A Three Nation Comparison of Associational Membership and Social Capital.” In J. van Deth et al. (eds.), Social Capital and European Democracy. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Svallfors, S. (1996). Välfärdsstatens moraliska ekonomi välfärdsopinionen i 90-talets Sverige. Umeå: Boréa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sztompka, P. (1995). “Vertrauen: Die fehlende Ressource in der Postkommunistischen Gesellschaft.” In B. Nedelmann (ed.), Politische Institutionen im Wandel. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarrow, S. (1996). “Making Social Science Work Across Space and Time: A Critical Reflection on Robert Putnam’s Making Democracy Work.” American Political Science Review 90, 389–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tocqueville, Alexis de (1961 [1835]). Democracy in America. New York: Schocken Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uslaner, E. M. (2002). The Moral Value of Trust. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verba, S. and Nie, N. (1972). Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verba, S., Nie, N. and Kim, J.-O. (1978). Participation and Political Equality. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verba, S., Schlozman, K. and Brady, H. (1995). Voice and Equality: Civic Volunteerism in American Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuthnow, R. (1997). “The Role of Trust in Civic Renewal.” The National Commission on Civic Renewal, University of Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Dietlind Stolle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Marc Hooghe Dietlind Stolle

Copyright information

© 2003 Marc Hooghe and Dietlind Stolle

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Stolle, D. (2003). The Sources of Social Capital. In: Hooghe, M., Stolle, D. (eds) Generating Social Capital. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403979544_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation