Abstract
According to Niklas Luhmann, globalization is characterized by a shift from territorial borders to functional boundaries (Luhmann 1995, 571; Luhmann 1997, 158–160). Important issue areas (Leebron 2002, 6–10) such as the market, environment, or human rights, have left territorial boundaries behind. But states continue to be the main units of legitimate decision-making. The “democratic deficit” of regional and international institutions remains unresolved; alternative models of legitimacy—such as pure functionalism and market rationality—are based on a standard of efficiency that is itself in need of justification. Systems of rules and norms constructed “bottom-up,” that is, by a process of self-ordering of the relevant issue area (Teubner 1997, 3; Fischer-Lescano and Teubner 2004; Paulus, State 2004), incur problems of legitimacy, because they are self-imposed by the relevant power holders and brokers—and thus open to challenges from all those not participating in the process, but subject to the decisions made.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
AB. 1996. United States—Gasoline, Report of the Appellate Body, WTO doc. WT/DS2AB/R
—. 1998. Shrimp, United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS58/AB/R, reproduced in: International Legal Materials 38: 121–175.
—. 1998. Beef Hormones, European Communities—Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products, Report of the Appellate Body, WTO Doc. WT/DS48/AB/R.
Allott, Philip. 1990. Eunomia: New Order for a New World. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
Alston, Philip. 2002. Resisting the Merger and Acquisition of Human Rights by Trade Law: A Reply to Petersmann, European Journal of International Law 13:815–844.
Alvarez, Jose. 1996. Judging the Security Council. American Journal of International Law 90: 1–39.
Anderson, Kenneth. 2000. The Ottawa Convention Banning Landmines, the Role of International Non-governmental Organizations and the Idea of International Civil Society. European Journal of International Law 11: 91.
Ascensio, Hervé, Emmanuel Decaux, and Alain Pellet, eds. 2000. Droit international pénal. Paris: Pedone.
Bagwell, K., P. C. Mavroidis, and R. W. Staiger. 2002. It’s a Question of Market Access, American Journal of International Law 96: 56–76.
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 2002. Afterword: The Question of Linkage. American Journal of International Law 96: 126–134.
Byers, Michael, and Georg Nolte, eds. 2003. United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cassese, Antonio. 1986. International Law in a Divided World. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
—. 1995. Self Determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cassese, A., P. Gaeta, and J. W. D. Jones. 2002. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Charnovitz, Steve. 1998. The Moral Exception in Trade Policy. Virginia Journal of International Law 38: 689–745.
—. 2002. Triangulating the World Trade Organization, American Journal of International Law 96: 28–55.
Convention on Biological Diversity. 1992. United Nations Treaty Series 1760: 143–165, reproduced in: International Legal Materials 31 (1992), 818.
Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction. 1997. United Nations Treaty Series 2056: 211.
Crawford, James, ed. 2002. The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Doha Declaration. 2001. Doha Ministerial Declaration, WTO Doc. WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1 (2001).
Drolshammer, Jens, and Michael Pfeifer, eds. 2001. The Internationalization of the Practice of Law. The Hague et al.: Kluwer Law International.
DSU. 1994. Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes. United Nations Treaty Series 1869: 401–424.
Dworkin, Ronald. 1986. Law’s Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
EU-Chile Settlement. 2001. EU and Chile Reach an Amicable Settlement to End WTO/ITLOS swordfish dispute, Doc. IP/01/116, January 25, 2001. Available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/trade/index_en.htm (visited October 3, 2002).
Fassbender, Bardo. 1998. UN Security Council Reform and the Right of Veto: A Constitutional Perspective. Den Haag et al.: Kluwer Law International.
Fischer-Lescano, Andreas, and Gunther Teubner. 2004. Regime-Collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in The Fragmentation of Global Law. Michigan Journal of International Law 25: 999–1046.
Fox, Gregory H., and Brad R. Roth, eds. 2000. Democratic Governance and International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Franck, Thomas. 1990. The Power of Legitimacy Among Nations, New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
GATT 1947/1994. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. United Nations Treaty Series 1867: 190–199.
GATT Panel 1991. United States—Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, August 16, 1991, reprinted in 30 ILM (1991), 1594 (unadopted), paras 6.3–6.4.
Gowlland-Debbas, Vera. 2000. The Limits of Unilateral Enforcement of Community Objectives in the Framework of UN Peace Maintenance. European Journal of International Law 11: 361–383.
Hafner, G. 2000. Risks Ensuing From Fragmentation of International Law, International Law Commission, Report on the Work of Its Fifty-Second Session, General Assembly, Official Records, Fifty-fifth Session, Suppl. No. 10, UN Doc. A/55/10 (2000): 321–330.
Hart, Herbert L. A. 1994. The Concept of Law. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Howse, Robert. 2002. Human Rights in the WTO: Whose Rights, What Humanity? European Journal of International Law 13: 651–659.
—. 2002. From Politics to Technocracy—and Back Again: The Fate of the Multilateral Trade Regime, American Journal of International Law 96: 94–117.
ICJ. 1970. Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited, I.C.J. Reports: 3–51.
—. 1997. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project case (Hungary v. Slovakia), I.C.J. Reports 1997: 7–84.
ICTY. 1999. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Furundžíja, International Legal Materials 38: 317–393.
International Law Commission (ILC). 2001. Report of the Study Group on Fragmentation of International Law, August 1, 2002, UN Doc. A/CN.4/L.628 (2001).
—. 2002. International Law Commission, Report on the Work of Its Fifty-Fourth Session, General Assembly, Official Records, 57th session, Supplement No. 10, UN Doc. A/57/10 (2002).
International Law Commission (ILC). 2004. Report of the International Law Commission, Report on the Work of Its Fifty-Sixth Session. General Assembly, Official Records, 59th session, Supplement No. 10, UN Doc. A/59/10 (2004).
ITLOS Chamber Constitution. 2000. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Conservation and Sustainable Exploitation of Swordfish Stocks in the South-Eastern Pacific Ocean (Chile/European Community), Case No. 7, Constitution of Chamber, Order 2000/3, reproduced in: International Legal Materials 40: 474–479.
Jennings, Robert, and Arthur Watts, eds. 1992. Oppenheim’s International Law. 9th ed. Harlow: Longman.
Kennedy, David. 1987. The Move to Institutions. Cardozo Law Review 8: 841–988.
Keohane, Robert O., and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. 2001. Power and Interdependence. New York: Addison-Wesley Longman, 3rd edition.
Koskenniemi, Martti, and Päivi Leino. 2002. Fragmentation of International Law? Postmodern Anxieties. Leiden Journal of International Law 154: 553–579.
Kuyper, P. J. 1994. The Law of GATT as a Special Field of International Law. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law (1994), 227–225.
Leebron, David W. 2002. Linkages. American Journal of International Law 96: 5–27.
Luhmann, Niklas. 1995. Das Recht der Gesellschaft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch.
—. 1997. Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. Vol. 1. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Merkl, A. 1931. Prolegomena zu einer Theorie des rechtlichen Stufenbaues, Gesellschaft, Staat und Recht. Untersuchungen zur Reinen Rechtslehre. Festschrift Hans Kelsen zum 50. Geburtstage. Wien: Springer, 252–294.
Neumann, Jan. 2001. Die materielle und prozessuale Koordination völkerrechtlicher Ordnungen: Die Problematik paralleler Streitbeilegungsverfahren am Beispiel des Schwertfisch-Falls, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentlichesRecht und Völkerrecht 61: 529–576.
Orellana, Marcos. 2002. The EU and Chile Suspend the Swordfish Case Proceedings at the WTO and the International Tribunal of the Law of the Sea, ASIL Insight, February 2001. Available at http://www.asil.org/insights/insigh60.htm (visited November 4, 2002).
Paulus, Andreas. 1999. Book Review. European Journal of International Law 10: 209–211.
—. 2001. Die internationale Gemeinschaft im Völkerrecht. München: C. H. Beck.
—, Postmodernism. 2001. International Law After Postmodernism: Towards Renewal or Decline of International Law? Leiden JIL 14: 727–755.
—, Iraq. 2004. The War Against Iraq and the Future of International Law. Michigan Journal of International Law 25: 691–733.
—, State. 2004. Comment to Andreas Fischer-Lescano & Gunther Teubner. The Legitimacy of International Law and the Role of the State. Michigan Journal of International Law 25: 1047–1058.
Pauwelyn, Joost. 2001. The Role of Public International Law in the WTO: How Far Can We Go. American Journal of International Law 95: 535–578.
—. 2003. Conflict of Norms in Public International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Petersmann, Ernst-Ulrich. 1997. How to Reform the UN System? Constitutionalism, International Law, and International Organizations. Leiden JIL 10: 421–474.
—. 2000. The WTO Constitution and Human Rights. Journal of International Economic Law 19–25.
—. 2002. Time for a United Nations “Global Compact” for Integrating Human Rights into the Law of Worldwide Organizations: Lessons from European Integration. European Journal of International Law 13: 621–650.
Porter, R. B. et al., eds. 2001. Efficiency, Equity, and Legitimacy: The Multilateral Trading System at the Millennium. Washington: Brookings.
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. 1992. UN Conference on Environment and Development. Rio de Janeiro June, 3–14 1992, UN Doc. A/CONE 151/5/Rev. 1 (1992), reproduced in: International Legal Materials 31:876–880.
Rodrígez Cedeño, V. 2002. Fifth Report on Unilateral Acts of States, April 17, UN Doc. A/CN.4/525/Add.1 (2002).
Rome Statute. 1998. Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. United Nations Treaty Series 2187: 90–158.
Rosenau, James, and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds. 1992. Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Schoemann, H. L. and S. Ohlhoff. 1999. “Constitutionalization” and Dispute Settlement in the WTO: National Security as an Issue of Competence. American Journal of International Law 93: 424–451.
Sharma. 1999. Statement. Security Council, Fifty-forth Year, 3989th mtg., March, 24 1999, UN Doc. S/PV 3989 (1999): 16.
Simma, Bruno. 1985. Self-Contained Regimes. Netherlands Yearbook of International Law 16: 111–136.
—. 1994. From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law. Recueil des Cours 250: 217–384.
—, ed. 2002. The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Slaughter, Anne-Marie, and William Burke-White. 2002. An International Constitutional Moment, Harvard International Law Journal 43: 1–21.
Steger, Debra, P. 2002. Afterword: The “Trade and …” Conundrum—A Commentary. American Journal of International Law 96: 135–145.
Taft, William, H. IV, and Todd F. Buchwald. 2003. Preemption, Iraq, and International Law. American Journal of International Law 97: 557–563.
Teubner, Gunther, ed. 1997. Global Law without a State. Aldershot: Darthmouth.
Tomuschat, Christian. 1993. Obligations Arising for States with or against Their Will. Recueil des Cours 241: 195–375.
—, ed. 1993. Modern Law of Self-Determination, Dordrecht/Boston/London: Nijhoff.
Tomuschat, Christian, 1995. Die internationale Gemeinschaft, Archiv des Völkerrechts 33: 1–20.
Trachtman, Joel. 2002. Institutional Linkage. American Journal of International Law 96: 77–93.
TRIPS. 1994. Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Rights, Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 1 C, United Nations Treaty Series 1869: 299–331.
UN-WTO. 1995. Exchange of Letters Constituting a Global Arrangement on Cooperation, September 29, United Nations Treaty Series 1889: 590–593.
UNCLOS. 1982. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. United Nations Treaty Series 1833: 397–581.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. 1969. United Nations Treaty Series 1155:331–353.
Weller, Marc, ed. 1999. International Documents & Analysis 1.
WTO. 1994. Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, United Nations Treaty Series 1867: 154–164.
WTO Panel Request. 2000. Request for the Establishment of a Panel by the European Communities, WTO Doc. WT/DS193/2 (2000).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2005 Markus Lederer and Philipp S. Müller
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Paulus, A.L. (2005). The International Lawyer as Agent of Global Governance. In: Lederer, M., Müller, P.S. (eds) Criticizing Global Governance. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403979513_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403979513_10
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-53129-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4039-7951-3
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)