Abstract
Because we live in a media-oriented, technology-dependent society, audiences tend to believe as ‘real’ everything which is presented to them by the media. Indeed, if something is not given media coverage, we are prone to doubt its existence or, as Dayan and Katz suggest, ‘before the cameras [are] turned on — we doubt it’ (1994, p. vii). With images becoming the object of human desire (Baudrillard, 1988, pp. 34–35) and an increasing ‘communication power’ (Castells, 2009), the professional production of contents for a 24/7 news cycle meets new challenges and a demand for skills which are beyond the composition of words. One of the skills in demand is related to news sources and events to satisfy the need for information of the audience. Since ‘real’ news may be scarce, the need to ‘create’ news has sprung from fields such as politics, corporate business and entertainment culture. These created — and somehow artificial — events may be called ‘pseudo-events’, ‘mega-events’ or ‘media events’.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baudrillard, J. (1988) The Ecstasy of Communication. New York: Semiotext(e).
Boorstin, D. J. (1961/1987) The Image. A Guide to Pseudo-events in America. 25th anniversary edition, New York: Vintage Books.
Bramwell, B. (1997) ‘Strategic Planning Before and After a Mega-event’, Tourism Management, 18(3), 167–176. doi:10.1016/S0261–5177(96)00118–5
Castells, M. (2009) Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Curi, M., J. Knijnik, and G. Mascarenhas (2011) ‘The Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro 2007: Consequences of a Sport Mega-event on a BRIC Country’, International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 46(2), 140–156.
Davis, A. (2007) The Mediation of Power. A Critical Introduction. Oxon: Routledge.
Dayan, D., and E. Katz (1994) Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Eisenhammer, S. (2014) ‘Mega-events May Get Less Ambitious as Brazil Counts World Cup Costs’, 13 June. Retrieved in July 2014, from Reuters: http: //uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/13/uk-brazil-worldcup-megaevents-analysis-idUKKBN0EO0DN20140613
Giampiccoli, A., and J. Nauright. (2010) ‘Problems and Prospects for Community-based Tourism in the New South Africa: The 2010 FIFA World Cup and Beyond’, African Historical Review, 42(1), 42–62. doi:10.1080/17532523.2010.483796
Gold, J. R., and M. M. Gold. (2008) ‘Olympic Cities: Regeneration, City Rebranding and Changing Urban Agendas’, Geography Compass, 2(1), 300–318. doi:10.1111/j.1749–8198.2007.00080.x
Gursoy, D., and K. W. Kendall (2006) ‘Hosting Mega Events’, Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603–623.
Gursoy, D., C. G. Chi, J. Ai, and B. T. Chen (2011) ‘Temporal Change in Resident Perceptions of a Mega-event: The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games’, Tourism Geographies, 13(2), 299–324.
Haynes, B. (2014) ‘Brazil in the World Cup Swing, but Some Cities Still Scrambling’, 13 June. Retrieved in July 2014, from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/13/brazil-worldcup-idUKL2N0OU0P320140613
Hiller, H. H. (1998) ‘Assessing the Impact of Mega-Events: A Linkage Model’, Current Issues in Tourism, 1(1), 47–57. doi:10.1080/13683509808667832
— (2000) ‘Mega-events, Urban Boosterism and Growth Strategies: An Analysis of the Objectives and Legitimations of the Cape Town 2004 Olympic Bid’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 449–458.
— (2012) Host Cities and the Olympics: An Interactionist Approach. New York: Taylor & Francis.
Homewood, B. (2013) ‘ANALYSIS — Soccer — Brazil Riots Raise Questions over Sporting Mega-events’, 26 June. Retrieved in July 2014, from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/06/26/soccer-fifa-confederations-idUKL3N0F13 L420130626
Kim, H. J., D. Gursoy, and S.-B. Lee (2006) ‘The Impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of Pre- and Post-games’, Tourism Management, 27(1), 86–96.
Krämer, B. (2008) ‘The Economy of Media Events: Theory and Examples’, International Journal of Communication, 2, 909–924.
Ledingham, J. A. (2001) ‘Government-community Relationships: Extending the Relational Theory of Public Relations’, Public Relations Review, 27(3), 285–295.
McCombs, M. (2014 [2004]) Setting the Agenda. 2nd edition, Cambridge: Polity Press.
McCombs, M., R. L. Holbert, S. Kiousis, and W. Wanta (2011) The News and Public Opinion. Media Effects on Civic Life. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Meredith, C. (2014) ‘World Cup 2014: 14 Powerful Pictures Of Anti-Fifa Graffiti in Brazil’, 29 May. Retrieved in July 2014, from The Huffington Post UK: http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/05/29/world-cup-2014-anti-fifa-graffiti-brazil_n_5408811.html
Mills, B. M., and M. S. Rosentraub (2013) ‘Hosting Mega-events: A Guide to the Evaluation of Development Effects in Integrated Metropolitan Regions’, Tourism Management, 34, 238–246. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.03.011
PEW Research Center’s Journalism Project Staff (2008a) ‘Olympics News Coverage Internationally — A Snapshot’, 22 August. Retrieved in June 2014, from PEW Research Journalism Project: http://www.journalism.org/2008/08/22/olympics-news-coverage-internationally-a-snapshot/
— (2008b) ‘The Media’s Olympics’, 22 August. Retrieved in June 2014, from PEW Research Journalism Project: http://www.journalism.org/2008/08/22/the-medias-olympics/
— (2010) ‘Shrinking World Cup Story’, 8 July. Retrieved in June 2014, from PEW Research Journalism Project: http://www.journalism.org/numbers/shrinking-world-cup-story/
Prada, P. (2014) ‘PREVIEW — Days before World Cup, Much of Brazil Just Not in the Mood’ 6 June. Retrieved in July 2014, from Reuters: http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/06/06/brazil-worldcup-mood-idUKL1N0OM1KQ20140606
Prayag, G., S. Hosany, R. Nunkoo, and T. Alders (2013) ‘London Residents’ Support for the 2012 Olympic Games: The Mediating Effect of Overall Attitude’, Tourism Management, 36, 629–640. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.003
Real, M. (2013) ‘Reflections on Communication and Sport on Spectacle and Mega-Events’, Communication & Sport, 1(1–2), 30–42.
Reuters (2014) ‘World Cup Helps Brazil’s Rousseff Score Higher in Polls’, 3 July. Obtido em 09 de July de 2014, de Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/07/03/us-brazil-election-idUSKBN0F807420140703
Roche, M. (2000) Mega-Events and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture. London: Routledge.
Sands, L. M. (2008) ‘The 2008 Olympics’ Impact on China. Retrieved in June 2014’, 1 July, from The China Business Review: http://www.chinabusinessreview.com/the-2008-olympics-impact-on-china/
Schissel, L. (2012) ‘Rio 2016: Mega-Event Urban Planning and Imagining the Anti-Olympics Scale-Shift Process’, 26 October. Retrieved in June 2014, from Open Access Theses. Paper 389: http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/389
Semetko, H. A., and P. M. Valkenburg. (2000) ‘Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News’, Journal of Communication, 50(2), 93–109.
Thussu, D. K. (2007) News as Entertainment: The Rise of Global Infotainment. London: Sage.
— (2011) ‘Infotainment Inc.: The Ascent of a Global Ideology’. In S. Papathanassopoulos (Ed.), Media Perspectives for the 21st Century (pp. 68–82). London/New York: Routledge.
Webster, F. (2011) ‘Information and Democracy: The Weakening of Social Democracy’. In S. Papathanassopoulos (ed.), Media Perspectives for the 21st Century (pp. 21–40). London/New York: Routledge.
Winter, B. (2014) ‘Brazil Police Fear Protest Violence at World Cup Opener’, 11 June. Retrieved in July 2014, from Reuters: http://uk.mobile.reuters.com/article/idUKKBN0EM1YW20140611?irpc=932
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 Sónia Pedro Sebastião, Ana Isabel Lemos and Isabel Soares
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sebastião, S.P., Lemos, A.I., Soares, I. (2016). The Coverage of Opposing Events: Brazil’s Sporting Mega-events Preparation and the Host Community Civil Protests. In: Mitu, B., Poulakidakos, S. (eds) Media Events. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137574282_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137574282_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-84733-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-57428-2
eBook Packages: Literature, Cultural and Media StudiesLiterature, Cultural and Media Studies (R0)