Abstract
The period between the conclusion of Desert Storm in 1991 and the onset of the Iraqi insurgency in the summer of 2003 may always be remembered as the heyday of the RMA. It was in the afterglow of the US-led coalition’s unexpectedly easy and lopsided victory over Iraq and the liberation of Kuwait that the RMA, previously little more than the obscure musings of a handful of military strategists and historians, emerged from the shadows of strategic thought to hog the limelight. The war and its outcome was, in the words of Colin Gray, “a flash in the sky of strategic consciousness.”1 For the next decade the language of revolution was ubiquitous. Journals were filled with articles (and even essay contests) about the nature, meaning and significance of the RMA.2 References to revolutionary technologies and capabilities were common whenever military officials testified before congressional committees, justifying virtually every weapons system by emphasizing its contribution to the revolution or, to use Donald Rumsfeld’s preferred terminology, “military transformation.” Defense Department posture statements and policy reviews became almost caricatures of RMA promotionalism, veritable grab bags of RMA mantras and jargon.3 Exuberance and rhetorical excess were the order of the day. But now the glow of easy victory has faded. And after more than a decade of difficult and ambiguous wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, the RMA bubble appears to have burst. Barry Watts notes that “given the protracted nature and exigencies of ongoing conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan,” by 2008 and 2009 “very few in the US national-security establishment were giving much thought to RMAs and transformation.”4 And Frank Hoffman virtually consigns the RMA to the dustbin of strategic intellectual history, dismissing it as “a blast from the past, a piece of pre-9/11 prehistory.”5
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Notes
Lusaz Kamienski, “Comparing the Nuclear and Information RMAs”, Strategic Insight, 2:4 (April 4, 2003). Accessed at: http://www.ccc.nps.navy.mil/si/apr03/strategy2.asp.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Joint Vision 2010 (Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Defense, 1996).
Barry Watts, The Maturing Revolution in Military Affairs (Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, 2011) p.3.
Frank Hoffman, “New Ideas that Look Old”, Armed Forces Journal (July 2006).
Cited in Thierry Gongora and Harald von Riekoff, eds, Toward a Revolution in Military Affairs? Defense and Security Policy at the Dawn of the 21st Century (New York: Greenwood Press, 2000) p.1.
Not everyone bought into the more alarmist assessments. See Barry Posen, “Measuring The European Conventional Balance”, International Security (Winter 1984/85) pp.47–88.
Bruce Berkowitz, The New Face of War: How War Will Be Fought in the 21st Century (New York: Free Press, 2003) p.35.
Carter Malkasian, “Air Land Battle and Modern Warfare”, presented at the International Forum on War History at the National Institute for Defense Studies (Tokyo, Japan), 2014. Accessed at: http://www.nids.go.jp/english/event/forum/pdf/2014/09.pdf; Robert Coram, Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
David S. Fadok, John Boyd and John Warden: Airpower’s Quest for Strategic Paralysis (Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press, 1995).
Grant T. Hammond, The Mind of War: John Boyd and American Security (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 2004).
John Warden, The Air Campaign (New York: to Excel Press, 2000).
Harlan Ullman and James Wade (with L.A. Edney, Fred Franks, Charles Horner, Jonathan Howe and Keith Bradley), Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (Washington, D.C.: The National Defense University Press, 1996).
Kurtis D. Lohide, “Desert Storm’s Siren Song”, Airpower Journal (Winter, 1995) p.5.
David Deptula, Effects-Based Operations: Change in the Nature of Warfare (Arlington, VA: Aerospace Education Foundation, 2001) p.2.
Warren Chin, “Technology, Industry and War, 1945–1991”, in Geoffrey Jensen and Andrew Wiest (eds) War in the Age of Technology (New York: NYU Press, 2001) pp.55–56.
Hence the title of Kagan’s excellent book, Finding the Target: Transformation of American Military Power (New York: Encounter Books, 2007).
David Galula, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1964) pp.54–6.
Thomas A. Keaney and Eliot A. Cohen, The Gulf War Air Power Survey (Washington, D.C.: 1993) p.321.
Stephen Biddle, Military Power: Explaining Victory and Defeat in Modern Battle (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004) p.140.
Kagan, Finding the Target, p.123. A similar argument can be found in Steven M. Schneider, Parallel Warfare: A Strategy for the Future (Fort Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and Control General Staff, 1998).
Williamson Murray and Robert Scales, The Iraq War: A Military History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003) p.248.
Martin Van Creveld, The Changing Face of War: Lessons of Combat from the Marne to Iraq (New York: Ballantine Books, 2006) pp.247–48.
John Keegan, The Iraq War (New York: Vintage, 2005) p.186.
An early and influential critique of relying on high tech weapons can be found in James Fallows, National Defense (New York: Vintage Books, 1982).
Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, “Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention”, Foreign Affairs (March/April 1996) pp.70–85.
John Drysdale, “Foreign Military Intervention in Somalia”, in Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst (eds) Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Military Intervention (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997) pp.118–34.
Steven Metz, Iraq and the Evolution of American Strategy (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2008) p.156.
James Corum, “Getting Doctrine Done Right”, Joint Force Quarterly (2nd Quarter, 2008) p.95.
LTC Jim Crider, Inside the Surge: One Commander’s Lessons in Counterinsurgency (Washington, D.C.: Center for a New American Security, June 2009) p.10.
On the experience of McMaster in Tal Afar see George Packer, “The Lessons of Tal Afar”, The New Yorker (April 10, 2006) pp.49–65.
Robert M. Citino, Blitzkrieg to Desert Storm: The Evolution of Operational Warfare (Lawrence, KS: The University of Kansas Press, 2004) p.275.
Jeffrey Record, “Operation Allied Force: Yet Another Wake-up Call for the Army?”, Parameters (Winter, 1999–2000) p.20.
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© 2015 Keith L. Shimko
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Shimko, K.L. (2015). The United States and the RMA: Revolutions Do Not Revolutionize Everything. In: Collins, J., Futter, A. (eds) Reassessing the Revolution in Military Affairs. Initiatives in Strategic Studies: Issues and Policies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137513762_2
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