Skip to main content

What Is Regulation, and What It Can and Can’t Do — In Theory and Practice

  • Chapter
Regulating Securitized Products
  • 111 Accesses

Abstract

Up to this point, this book has been mostly concerned with explaining the market microstructure of securitization, especially in the context of the Global Financial Crisis. But now we need to address the previous regime’s failings and propose a more robust environment for securitization ‘in the public interest’. In the aftermath of almost absolute collapse of the global financial system, ‘[s]upposedly “autonomous” regulatory agencies have been accused of being asleep at the wheel, being exposed to hyper-politicisation, and being used as political tools of blame shifting’.1 As theory predicts, regulatory changes have therefore come thick and fast since the GFC. However, a debate continues to rage between the post-GFC exhortation for more and more formal regulatory control over the financial industry and the growing fear of the effects on eco-nomic growth and national competitiveness, the latter publicized especially by the financial industry in an attempt to roll back regulation or prevent new restrictions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Lodge, M. and Wegrich, K. (2012). ‘The regulatory state in crisis: a public adminis-tration moment?’ London School of Economics and Political Science, Department of Government and Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, Working Paper, citing Baldwin, R. and Black, J. (2008) ‘Really responsive regulation’, The Modern Law Review 71(1): 59–94.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Barth et al., Guardians of finance: 10.

    Google Scholar 

  3. For example, the Guardians of finance (page 7) authors attribute the concept of what is known in the literature as cognitive capture to an obscure book, Scorecasting, when it is better explained and, importantly, well contextualized in older literatures.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Baldwin, R., Cave, M. and Lodge, M. (2012) Understanding regulation: theory, strategy, and practice, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Mersch, Y. (2014) ‘Capital markets union — the “Why” and the “How”’, Dinner speech by Member of the Executive Board of the ECB, Joint EIB–IMF High Level Workshop, Brussels, 22 October.

    Google Scholar 

  6. There are in fact many other fields where regulation has prospered as a line of inquiry, including sociology and accounting.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Mitnick, B. (1980) The political economy of regulation: creating, designing, and removing regulatory forms, Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Black, J. (2002) ‘Critical reflections on regulation’. Australian Journal of Legal Philosophy 27(1),1–36. Concept taken from Noll, R (ed.) (1985) Regulatory policy and the social sciences, University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Coglianese, C. and Lazer, D. (2003) ‘Management-based regulation: prescribing private management to achieve public goals’, Law & Society Review 37(4), 691–730.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Lodge and Wegrich, ‘The regulatory state in crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ogus, A. I. (1994) Regulation: legal form and economic theory, Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Vogel, S. K. (1996) Freer markets, more rules: regulatory reform in advanced industrial countries, Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Smith, A. (1776). The Wealth of Nations Vol. 1 Ch. 5; Polanyi, K. (1944) The great transformation, Farrar and Rinehart; Londegran, J. (2006) ‘Political income redis-tribution’, in Weingast, B. and Wittman, D. (eds) The Oxford handbook of political economy, Oxford University Press; Weber, M. (1919) Politics as a vocation. Essay. Available at http://anthropos-lab.net/wp/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Weber- Politics-as-a-Vocation.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Lodge and Wegrich, ‘The regulatory state in crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lodge and Wegrich, ‘The regulatory state in crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Taken from Baldwin et al., Understanding regulation.

    Google Scholar 

  17. DiLorenzo, T. (1996) ‘The myth of natural monopoly’, Review of Austrian Economics 9(2), 43–58.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wallop, J. (2010) ‘Metro bank granted FSA licence’, Telegraph, 5 March (available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/7377565/Metro-bank- granted-FSA-licence.html).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pareto optimality exists when there is no economically viable transaction where one actor can be made better off without making anyone worse off. Simple eco-nomic efficiency requires that wealth be maximized.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Baldwin et al., Understanding regulation.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Stigler, G. (1966) The theory of price, Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ronald Coase gives examples of when the market cannot function properly and when, therefore, state intervention is welcome. Coase, R. H. (1960) ‘Problem of social cost’, Journal of Law & Economics 3(1), 1–44.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Barth et al., Guardians of finance, recommend transparency.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Fung, A., Graham, M. and Weil, D. (2007) Full disclosure: the perils and promise of transparency, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Fung et al., Full disclosure.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Fung et al., Full disclosure.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Stevant, C. (2010) ‘The Banque de France rating system: an asset for the Central Bank and a tool for commercial banks’, Quarterly selection of articles — Bulletin de la Banque de France 18, 61–73.

    Google Scholar 

  28. European Central Bank (2013) ABS Loan-level Initiative (available at https://www.ecb. europa.eu/paym/coll/loanlevel/html/index.en.html).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Mario Draghi as quoted in Brunetti, A. (2014) ‘Stronger prospects of ECB ABS pro-gramme revive old dilemmas’, Reuters, 8 August.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Arnold, M. (2014) ‘Banks unloading risk into blind pools’, Financial Times, 17 June.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Hawkins, K. and Hutter, B. M. (1993) ‘The response of business to social regulation in England and Wales: an enforcement perspective’, Law & Policy 15(3), 199–217.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Peltzman, S., Levine, M. E. and Noll, R. G. (1989) ‘The economic theory of regulation after a decade of deregulation’, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Microeconomics, 1–59.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Morgan, B. and Yeung, K. (2007) An introduction to law and regulation, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Posner, R. (1974) ‘Theories of economic regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5, 335–358.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Stigler, G. J. (1971) ‘The theory of economic regulation’, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 3, 3–21.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Becker, G. (2011) ‘“Capture” of Regulators by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’, The Becker-Posner Blog (available at http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/2011/06/capture- of-regulators-by-fannie-mae-and-freddie-mac-becker.html).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kroszner, R. S. and Stratmann, T. (1998) ‘Interest-group competition and the organ-ization of congress: theory and evidence from financial services’ political action committees’, American Economic Review, 1163–1187.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Barke, R. P. and Riker, W. H. (1982) ‘A political theory of regulation with some observations on railway abandonments’, Public Choice 39(1), 73–106; Becker, G. (1976) ‘Toward a more general theory of regulation’, Journal of Law and Economics, 245–248.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Baxter, L. G. (2011) ‘Capture in financial regulation: can we channel it toward the common good?’ Cornell Journal of Law & Public Policy, 21, 176–200.

    Google Scholar 

  40. North, D. and Weingast, B. (1989) ‘Constitutions and commitment: the evolution of institutions governing public choice in seventeenth-century England’, Journal of Economic History 49, 803–832; McCubbins, M. D., Noll, R. G. and Weingast, B. R. (1987) ‘Administrative procedures as instruments of political control’, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 3(2), 243–277; McCubbins, M. D., Noll, R. G. and Weingast, B. R. (1989) ‘Structure and process, politics and policy: administrative arrangements and the political control of agencies’, Virginia Law Review, 75(2), 431–482.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Reid, P. (2010) ‘Goldman Sachs’ Revolving Door’, CBS News Investigates, 7 April (available at http://www.cbsnews.com/8301–31727_162–20001981–10391695.html).

  42. Bernstein, M. H. (1955) Regulating business by independent commission, Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Goodhart, ‘A ferment of regulatory proposals’.

    Google Scholar 

  44. See, for example, Kane, E. J. (2010) ‘The expanding financial safety net: the Dodd-Frank Act as an exercise in denial and coverup’, in Wachter, S. and Smith, M. (eds) The American mortgage system: rethink, recover, rebuild, Penn Press.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Downs, A. (1972) ‘Up and down with ecology: the issue attention cycle’, Public Interest 28(1), 38–50; Barke and Riker, ‘A political theory of regulation’; Kingdon, J. W. and Thurber, J. A. (1984) Agendas, alternatives, and public policies, Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hood, C. (1994) Explaining economic policy reversals, Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Derthick, M. and Quirk, P. J. (1985) The Politics of deregulation, The Brookings Institution.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dobbin, F. (1994) ‘Cultural models of organization: the social construction of rational organizing principles’, The Sociology of Culture, 117–42; Fligstein, N. (1996) ‘Markets as politics: a political-cultural approach to market institutions’, American Sociological Review, 656–673.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Goodhart, ‘A ferment of regulatory proposals’.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Barth et al., Guardians of finance.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mian and Sufi, House of debt.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Mian and Sufi, House of debt.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Calomiris, ‘What is meaningful banking reform?’

    Google Scholar 

  54. Indeed Mian and Sufi, in House of debt, agree that ‘The large distributional shifts as a consequence of a debt-induced financial crisis raise the stakes for everyone in the political process.’

    Google Scholar 

  55. Litan, ‘The political economy of financial regulation after the crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Litan, ‘The political economy of financial regulation after the crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Croley, S. P. (2009) Regulation and public interests: the possibility of good regulatory government. Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kagan, R. (2008) Review of Regulation and public interests: the possibility of good regu-latory government by Steven P. Crowley, Law and Politics Book Review 18(7): 640–644 (available at http://www.lawcourts.org/LPBR/reviews/croley0708.htm).

  59. Breyer, S. G. (2009) Regulation and its reform, Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Andrews, S. (2011) ‘The woman who knew too much’, Vanity Fair, November.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Kuhn, T. S. (1970), The structure of scientific revolutions, University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Draghi, M. (2014) ‘Stronger together in Europe: the contribution of banking super-vision’, Speech, Frankfurt, 20 November. Available at http://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/speaker/pres/html/index.en.html.

  63. Weingast, B. R. and Wittman, D. A. (2006) ‘The reach of political economy’, in Weingast, B. R. and Wittman, D. (eds) The Oxford handbook of political economy, Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Downs, A. (1957) An economic theory of democracy. Harper and Row.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Hotelling, H. (1929) ‘Stability in competition’, Economic Journal 39, 41–57.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Krehbiel, K. (1993) ‘Where’s the party?’ British Journal of Political Science,23(2), 235–266.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Calomiris, ‘What is meaningful banking reform?’

    Google Scholar 

  68. Calomiris, ‘What is meaningful banking reform?’

    Google Scholar 

  69. Calomiris, ‘What is meaningful banking reform?’

    Google Scholar 

  70. Baldwin et al., Understanding regulation.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Goodhart, ‘A ferment of regulatory proposals’.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lodge and Wegrich, ‘The regulatory state in crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Nouy, D. (2014) ‘Banking regulation and supervision in the next 10 years and their unintended consequences’, in Acharya et al., The social value of the financial sector.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Barth et al., Guardians of finance.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Shah, A. (1997) ‘Regulatory arbitrage through financial innovation’, Accounting, Audit and Accountability Journal 10(1), 85–104.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Baldwin et al., Understanding regulation.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Goodhart, ‘A ferment of regulatory proposals’.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Thiemann, M. (2014) ‘When the sleep of regulation produces monsters’, Risk & Regulation 27, 8–9.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Baldwin, R. (1995) Rules and government, Clarendon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Baldwin, Rules and government: 153.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Morici, P. (2012) ‘JPMorgan debacle points to regulatory incompetence, corruption’, CNBC Breaking News, 29 May.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Bernstein, ‘Secret tapes hint at turmoil’.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Bernstein, J. (2014) ‘Inside the New York Fed: secret recordings and a culture clash’, Propublica, 26 September.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Nouy, ‘Banking regulation and supervision in the next 10 years’.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Coffee, J. (1981) ‘No soul to damn: no body to kick: an unscandalized inquiry into the problem of corporate punishment’, Michigan Law Review 79(3), 386–459.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Dal Bo, E. (2006) ‘Regulatory capture: a review’, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 22(2), 203–225.

    Google Scholar 

  87. DiMaggio, P. J. and Powell, W. W. (1983) ‘The iron cage revisited: institutional iso-morphism and collective rationality in organizational fields’, American Sociological Review, 48, 147–160.

    Google Scholar 

  88. A confidential report by David Beim to New York Fed as referenced in Bernstein, ‘Secret tapes hint at turmoil’.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Johnson and Kwak, 13 bankers.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Noll, R. G. (1989) ‘Economic perspectives on the politics of regulation’, Handbook of Industrial Organization 2, 1253–1287.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Teubner, G. (ed.) (1987) Autopoietic law: a new approach to law and society, Walter de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Winkler, A., Gitis, B. and Batkins, S. (2014) ‘Dodd-Frank at 4: more regulation, more regulators, and a sluggish housing market’, American Action Forum, 15 July (available at http://americanactionforum.org/research/dodd-frank-at-4-more- regulation-more-regulators-and-a-sluggish-housing-mark).

  93. See Chapter 1.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  95. Shrader-Frechette, K. S. (1991) Risk and rationality: philosophical foundations for populist reforms, University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Sunstein, C. (2005) Laws of fear: beyond the precautionary principle, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Cohen, J. and Sabel, C. (1997) ‘Directly-deliberative polyarchy’, European Law Journal 3(4), 313–342.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Haldane, A. G. and Madouros, V. (2014) ‘Complexity in financial regulation’, in Acharya et al. The social value of the financial sector.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  101. Black, J. (2008) Forms and paradoxes of principles-based regulation, Capital Markets Law Journal 3(4), 425–457.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Bernstein, ‘Inside the New York Fed’.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Nouy, ‘Banking regulation and supervision in the next 10 years’.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Barth et al., Guardians of finance: 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Barth et al., Guardians of finance.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Calomiris, ‘What is meaningful banking reform?’

    Google Scholar 

  107. ‘Failure compared to what?’ as per Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  108. Black, ‘Critical reflections on regulation’.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Cowing, C. B. (1965) Populists, plungers, and progressives, Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Caprio et al., ‘The 2007 meltdown in structured securitization’.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Grabovsky, P. (1995) ‘Counterproductive regulation’, International Journal of the Sociology of Law 23, 347.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Merton, R. K. (1936) ‘The unanticipated consequences of purposive social action’, American Sociological Review 1(6), 894–904.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  114. Sir Jon stated that ‘[w]e want to see if the market can develop standards and ways of doing this that actually deals with the risks… and can enable securitisation to happen in a beneficial way’: Lynch, R. (2014) ‘Complex debt deals caused mayhem, but we need them’, Independent, 2 June.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Berle, A. and Means, G. (1968) The modern corporation and private property, McMillan (first published 1932).

    Google Scholar 

  116. See Vogel’s ‘California effect’, for example, in Vogel, D. (2009) Trading up: consumer and environmental regulation in a global economy, Harvard University Press. For a race to the top, see Tiebout, C. M. (1956) ‘A pure theory of local expenditures’, Journal of Political Economy, 416–424.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Black, J. (2008) ‘Constructing and contesting legitimacy and accountability in polycentric regulatory regimes’, Regulation & Governance, 2(2), 137–164. 118. Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  118. Kirk, S. and Bansal, R. (2014) Deutsche bank db140 Weekender, 31 October.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Baldwin et al. (2012).

    Google Scholar 

  120. Lodge and Wegrich, ‘The regulatory state in crisis’.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 2015 Rasheed Saleuddin

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Saleuddin, R. (2015). What Is Regulation, and What It Can and Can’t Do — In Theory and Practice. In: Regulating Securitized Products. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137497956_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics