Abstract
Hunters liked to refer to Africa as a land of ‘trackless wilds’, ‘peopled only by the whispering memories of primitive man’, but their publications belied these claims at every turn.1 Hunting expeditions required numerous men’s cooperation to carry out, which meant that big game hunters, particularly in the nineteenth century, had to build working relationships with African people. They had to negotiate with rulers for access to the land and its animal resources and find men willing to guide them, to serve as porters and to manage their camps. At times, hunters travelled with whole communities or established their base camps alongside a village. This physical proximity reflected hunters’ broader reliance on local communities for labour, resources and knowledge and facilitated the many exchanges that were critical to the practice of big game shooting in this period.
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A. H. Neumann, ‘The Elephant in British East Africa’, in H. Anderson Bryden, ed., Great and Small Game of Africa: An Account of the Distribution, Habits, and Natural History of the Sporting Mammals, with Personal Hunting Experiences (London: Rowland Ward, 1899), 16; Unknown Article, East African Standard, quoted in E. G. Dion Lardner, Soldiering and Sport in Uganda 1909–1910 (London and Felling-on-Tyne: Walter Scott Publishing, 1912), 155.
F. L. James, The Wild Tribes of the Soudan: An Account of Personal Experiences and Adventures during Three Winters Spent in That Country Chiefly among the Basé Tribe, 2nd ed. (London: John Murray, 1884), 116–17.
For more on the militaristic side of imperial hunting, see J. A. Mangan and Callum McKenzie, Militarism, Hunting, Imperialism: “Blooding” the Martial Male (London: Routledge, 2009).
Andrew A. Anderson, Twenty-Five Years in a Waggon in the Gold Regions of Africa (London: Chapman and Hall, 1887), 7–8.
For more on how Bushmen were hunted, see Pippa Skotnes, ed., Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen (Cape Town, South Africa: University of Cape Town Press, 1996).
A. Blayney Percival, A Game Ranger’s Note Book, ed. E. D. Cumming (London: Nisbet, 1924), 199–200.
Donald Simpson, Dark Companions: The African Contribution to the European Exploration of East Africa (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1975), 190.
Jane Carruthers, ‘Review of Black Poachers, White Hunters: A History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya by E. I. Steinhart’, African Studies Review 49 (December 2006): 103.
Edward I. Steinhart, Black Poachers, White Hunters: A Social History of Hunting in Colonial Kenya (Oxford: James Currey, 2006).
Harriet Ritvo, ‘Destroyers and Preservers: Big Game in the Victorian Empire’, History Today 52 (January 2002): 34.
J. A. Nicholls, ‘Travel and Sport Along the Botletle River and Around Lake Ngami’, pt. 3, Field, 8 March 1890, 363.
Barry Morton, ‘The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880’, South African Historical Journal 36, no. 1 (1997): 220–39, doi:10.1080/02582479708671276.
Fanny Sonia Arellano-Lopez, ‘The Social Construction of Trade in the Bechuanal- and Protectorate,’ (PhD diss, State University of New York at Binghamton, 2007), Proquest.
W. M. J. van Binsbergen, ‘“Then Give Him to the Crocodiles”: Violence, State Formation, and Cultural Discontinuity in West Central Zambia, 1600–2000’, in The Dynamics of Power and the Rule of Law: Essays on Africa and Beyond, in Honour of Emile Adriaan B. van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, ed. W. M. J. van Binsbergen (Munster: Lit Verlag, 2003), 215.
Clapperton Mavhunga, ‘Firearms Diffusion, Exotic and Indigenous Knowledge Systems in the Lowveld Frontier, South Eastern Zimbabwe 1870–1920’, Comparative Technology Transfer and Society 1, no. 2 (August 2003): 201–32.
Emmanuel H. Kreike, Re-Creating Eden: Land Use, Environment, and Society in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2004), 27.
Giacomo Macola, “Reassessing the Significance of Firearms in Central Africa: The Case of North-Western Zambia to the 1920s,” Journal of African History 51, no. 03 (November 2010): 301–21, doi:10.1017/S0021853710000538.
Anderson, Twenty-Five Years in a Waggon in the Gold Regions of Africa, 71, 73–4; For the identification of Jantze, also known as Jantjie, see John Laband, Zulu Warriors: The Battle for the South African Frontier (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 175.
Elizabeth Elbourne, Blood Ground: Colonialism, Missions, and the Contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799–1853 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s Press, 2002), 341.
Emil Holub, Seven Years in South Africa: Travels, Researches, and Hunting Adventures, between the Diamond-Fields and the Zambesi (1872–79), trans. Ellen E. Frewer (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1881), 1: 292–3.
A. H. Neumann, ‘Sport and Travel in East Central Africa’, pt. 3, Field, 29 June 1895, 966.
For more on how shauri functioned in the colonial context see, Michael Pesek, ‘Cued Speeches: The Emergence of Shauri as Colonial Praxis in German East Africa, 1850–1903’, History in Africa 33, no. 1 (2006): 395–412.
A one-way ticket cost £44/2/0 in 1891. S.W. Silver & Co., Handbook to South Africa, 4th ed. (London: S. W. Silver, 1891), 528.
G. H. Fitzmaurice, ‘With the African International Association Up the Congo’, Field, 25 July 1885, 121.
Arthur H. Neumann, Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa: Being an Account of Three Years’ Ivory Hunting under Mount Kenia and Among the Ndorobo Savages of the Lorogi Mountains, Including a Trip to the North End of Lake Rudolph (London: Rowland Ward, 1898), 41.
Richard Frewen, ‘A Journal of a Year’s Expedition in the Interior of South Africa in 1877 & 1878’, 1879, 89–97, A39, Historical Papers, University of Witswatersrand.
Edward C. Tabler, Pioneers of Rhodesia (Cape Town: C. Struik, 1966), 56.
Aurel Schulz and August Hammar, The New Africa: A Journey Up the Chobe and Down the Okovanga Rivers; a Record of Exploration and Sport (London: W. Heinemann, 1897), 344–6.
Africanus, ‘Hunting in South Africa’, Field, 11 December 1880, 373.
Alfred Sharpe, ‘A Cruise on Lake Mweru’, Field, 4 April 1896, 508.
Henry (Bula N’zau) Bailey, Travel and Adventures in the Congo Free State and Its Big Game Shooting (London: Chapman & Hall, 1894), 46–7, 66–7.
Percy Horace Gordon Powell-Cotton, In Unknown Africa: A Narrative of Twenty Months Travel and Sport in Unknown Lands and Among New Tribes (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1904), 389–90.
Frederick Courteney Selous, A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa: Being a Narrative of Nine Years Spent amongst the Game of the Far Interior of South Africa (London: Richard Bentley, 1881), 29–30.
Richard Sampson, White Induna: George Westbeech and the Barotse People (Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2008), 25.
Lewanika to R. T. Coryndon, 8 November 1904, in Correspondence relating to the Preservation of Wild Animals in Africa (Africa: Preservation of Wild Animals), 1906, Cd. 3189, 291, House of Commons Parliamentary Papers, Proquest; Viscount Milner to Mr Lyttelton, 23 January 1905, Preservation of Wild Animals, Cd. 3189, 284.
JoAnn McGregor, ‘The Victoria Falls 1900–1940: Landscape, Tourism and the Geographical Imagination’, Journal of Southern African Studies 29, no. 3 (September 2003): 717–37; for a discussion of how hunters could shape imperial knowledge, see Terence O. Ranger, ‘The Rewriting of African History during the Scramble: The Matabele Dominance in Mashonaland’, African Social Research 4 (December 1967): 271–82.
William John Ansorge, Under the African Sun: A Description of the Native Races in Uganda, Sporting Adventures and Other Experiences (London: W. Heinemann, 1899), 31.
J. A. Nicholls, ‘Travel and Sport along the Botletle River and around Lake Ngami’, pt. 3, Field, 8 March 1890, 363.
E. J. Glave, In Savage Africa: Or, Six Years of Adventure in Congo-Land (London: S. Low, Marston, 1893), 183.
F. Vaughan (Maqaqamba) Kirby, In Haunts of Wild Game; a Hunter-Naturalist’s Wanderings from Kahlamba to Libombo (London: William Blackwood & Sons, 1896), 426–36.
David B. Espey, ‘Imperialism and the Image of the White Hunter’, Research Studies 46 (March 1978): 12–19.
Relatively recent examples include Philip Caputo, Ghosts of Tsavo: Stalking the Mystery Lions of East Africa (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2002), 1–23.
Stephen Hopkins, The Ghost and the Darkness, DVD (Warner Brothers, 1998).
Parker Gillmore, Days and Nights in the Desert (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1888), 228–34. Bareekey was not her name, but that of her husband, whom Gillmore had met previously. It is used here, because there is no other indication as to what her name or title might have been.
W. Robert Foran, The Elephant Hunters of the Lado (Clinton, NJ: Amwell Press, 1981), 221; see also, W. R. Foran to Q. Grogan, 22 March 1955, Oxford, Bodleian Library, MSS. Afr. s. 1949, box 2, file 8, folio 15.
C. Gordon James, ‘Diary of My Hunting Trip, July 20-September 18’, (Typescript, 1918), 62, A1190f, Historical Papers, University of Witswatersrand.
James Dunbar-Brunton, Big Game Hunting in Central Africa (London: Andrew Melrose, 1912), 23.
William K. Storey, ‘Big Cats and Imperialism: Lion and Tiger Hunting in Kenya and Northern India, 1898–1930’, Journal of World History 2, no. 2 (1991): 137.
Walter Montagu Kerr, The Far Interior: A Narrative of Travel and Adventure from the Cape of Good Hope across the Zambesi to the Lake Regions of Central Africa (London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1886), 1: 123–4.
Stephen J. Rockel, Carriers of Culture: Labor on the Road in Nineteenth-Century East Africa (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 2006), xii–xiv, 23–8.
F. Vaughan (Maqaqamba) Kirby, Sport in East Central Africa: Being an Account of Hunting Trips in Portuguese and Other Districts of East Central Africa (London: Rowland Ward, 1899), 108–9.
Parker Gillmore, The Great Thirst Land: A Ride through Natal, Orange Free State, Transvaal, and Kalahari Desert. (London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin, 1878), 181–3.
John C. Willoughby, East Africa and Its Big Game: The Narrative of a Sporting Trip from Zanzibar to the Borders of the Masai (London: Longmans, Green, 1889), 169–70, 187.
Hugo Genthe, ‘Livingstone’s Grave; Visit by an Un-known lady from the North West, who effects an ornamental palisade round the grave; A trip to the Luapula District’, British Central Africa Gazette, 5 February 1898, 3–6, TNA: CO 541/1.
Frederick J. Jackson, ‘The Caravan, Headman, Gun-Bearers, Etc.’, in Big Game Shooting, ed. Clive Phillips-Wolley, Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes 17 (London: Longmans, Green, 1894), 1: 183.
For example see, Francis Arthur Dickinson, Big Game Shooting on the Equator (London: John Lane, 1908), 40.
Alfred Arkell-Hardwick, An Ivory Trader in North Kenia; the Record of an Expedition through Kikuyu to Galla-Land in East Equatorial Africa. With an Account of the Rendili and Burkeneji Tribes (London: Longmans, Green, 1903), 12.
Rockel, Carriers of Culture, 164–79; Kenneth M. Cameron, Into Africa: The Story of the East African Safari (London: Constable, 1990), 173–84.
Stephen Peté and Annie Devenish, ‘Flogging, Fear and Food: Punishment and Race in Colonial Natal’, Journal of Southern African Studies 31, no. 1 (2005): 6–9.
Jock McCulloch, Black Peril, White Virtue: Sexual Crime in Southern Rhodesia, 1902–1935 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000), 53.
Kevin Grant, A Civilised Savagery: Britain and the New Slaveries in Africa, 1884–1926 (New York: Routledge, 2005), 49, 99–100; Peté and Devenish, ‘Flogging, Fear and Food’; for examples of prominent texts that make no mention of discipline, see Selous, A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa; Kirby, In Haunts of Wild Game; James Sutherland, The Adventures of an Elephant Hunter (London: MacMillan, 1912).
H. Anderson Bryden, Kloof and Karroo: Sport, Legend and Natural History in Cape Colony, with a Notice of the Game Birds, and of the Present Distribution of Antelopes and Larger Game (London: Longmans, Green, 1889), 377.
H. Anderson Bryden, Gun and Camera in Southern Africa (London: Edward Stanford, 1893), 156.
Tyler Morse, Autograph diary of hunting trip from Asmara, Eritrea, to Adis Ababa and Harrar, (c. 1903), 3–4, 56–8, M204, Cullman Library, Smithsonian.
Ewart Scott Grogan and Arthur Henry Sharp, From the Cape to Cairo: The First Traverse of Africa from South to North (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1902), 102. Grogan appears to have reached this conclusion early in their journey when their porters were still largely composed of men hired at the coast.
William Astor Chanler, Through Jungle and Desert: Travels in Eastern Africa, (London: MacMillan, 1896), 57–61, 75, 499–510; ‘East Africa’, review of Through Jungle and Desert: Travels in Eastern Africa by William Astor Chanler, Field, 13 June 1896, 900.
Joseph Thomson, To the Central African Lakes and Back: The Narrative of the Royal Geographical Society’s East Central African Expedition, 1878–1880 (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1881), 1: 221–5.
In addition to paying off creditors, caravan workers used their wages to lay claim to participation and status within coastal societies. See, Jonathon Glassman, Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888 (Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1995), 173.
Roby reported that she suffered from temporary blindness due to the fevers and had lost forty-seven pounds, roughly a third of her weight, during her trip. Marguerite Roby, My Adventures in the Congo (London: Edward Arnold, 1911), 227–8, 262.
David M. Anderson, ‘Punishment, Race and “The Raw Native”: Settler Society and Kenya’s Flogging Scandals, 1895–1930’, Journal of Southern African Studies 37, no. 3 (2011): 479–97.
For an example involving hunters, see Stewart Edward White, African Camp Fires (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page, 1913), 249–50.
See, for example, Agnes Herbert, Two Dianas in Somaliland: The Record of a Shooting Trip, 2nd ed. (London: John Lane, 1908), 99–100, 170–2.
Robert Morrell, From Boys to Gentlemen: Settler Masculinity in Colonial Natal, 1880–1920 (Pretoria: Unisa Press, University of South Africa, 2001); Cameron, Into Africa, 175. Reginald B. Loder, ‘British East African Journal’, vol. I, 1910–1911, 192, Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), RGS/SSC/102/1.
Lisa Z. Sigel, Governing Pleasures: Pornography and Social Change in England, 1815–1914 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002), 153–64.
Henry S. Salt, The Flogging Craze: A Statement of the Case against Corporal Punishment (London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1916).
Judith Walkowitz, City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992), 100, 104.
Willmott ‘Thormanby’ Willmott Dixon, Kings of the Rod, Rifle and Gun (London: Hutchinson, 1901), 2:361.
Dane Kennedy, The Last Blank Spaces: Exploring Africa and Australia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 220.
Chauncey Hugh Stigand, Hunting the Elephant in Africa: And Other Recollections of Thirteen Years’ Wanderings (New York: MacMillan, 1913), 102–3.
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Thompsell, A. (2015). ‘The Bitter Thraldom of Dependence’: Negotiating the Hunt. In: Hunting Africa. Britain and the World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137494436_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137494436_3
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