Abstract
In the UK changes in life expectancies and patterns of mortality have meant that bereavement is most likely to be experienced in the later years of life. Older people’s increased likelihood of, and past experiences with, loss has led to a number of socially constructed assumptions about this experience which, for the most part, have constructed bereavement as being a ‘less’ traumatic experience for older people than it is for younger people. Consequently: experiences of bereavement for this population can be said to have been largely discounted by UK society which has not placed a great deal of importance on the provision of support to people who are bereaved; also by academics and researchers, who have afforded little consideration as to what their experiences of, or needs for, support may be; and by policymakers, who have not regarded bereavement support for older people as a policy priority.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Age Concern (2008) Out of Sight Out of Mind: Social Exclusion behind Closed Doors (London: Age Concern).
Ajrouch, K., Blandon, A., and Antonucci, T. (2005) ‘Social networks among men and women: The effects of age and socioeconomic status,’ Journals of Gerontology Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 60, 311–7.
Archer, J. (1999) The Nature of Grief: The Evolution and Psychology of Reactions to Loss (London: Routledge).
Bankoff, E. (1983) ‘Social Support and adaptation to Widowhood,’ Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 827–33.
Bevan, D., and Thompson, N. (2003) ‘The Social basis of loss and grief: Age, disability and sexuality,’ Journal of Social Work, 3, 179–95.
Birtwistle, J., and Kendrick, T. (2001) ‘The psychological aspects of bereavement,’ Primary Care Psychiatry, 7, 91.
Bowlby, J. (1980) Attachment and Loss: Loss, Sadness and Depression (New York: Basic Books).
Bowling, A. (1994) ‘Social networks and social support among older people and implications for emotional well-being and psychiatric morbidity,’ International Review of Psychiatry, 6, 41–58.
Bulmer, M. (1987) The Social Basis of Community Care (London: Allen and Unwin).
Carr, D., Nesse, R., and Wortman, C. (eds) (2006) Spousal Bereavement in Late Life (New York: Springer Publishing Company).
Cattan, M., Newell, C, Bond, J., and White, M. (2003) ‘Alleviating social isolation and loneliness among older people,’ International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 5, 20–30.
Corden, A., Hirst, M., and Nice, K. (2010) ‘Death of a partner: Financial implications and experience of loss,’ Bereavement Care, 29, 23–8.
Croxall, J. (2015) The Social Construction of Bereavement in Later Life and Its Implications on the Lived Experiences of, and Support for Older People: Personal Trouble or Public Issue? Unpublished PhD Thesis, Swansea University.
Department of Health (2011) Bereavement Care Services: A Synthesis of the Literature. Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/documents/digitalasset/dh_123810.pdf.
Department of Health (2008) End of Life Care Strategy: Promoting High Quality Care for All Adults at the End of Life (London: DoH).
Department of Health/Office of National Statistics (2012) First National VOICES Survey of Bereaved People: Key Findings Report’. Available at: http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/files/2012/07/First-national-VOICES-survey-of-bereaved-people-key-findings-report-final.pdf.
Department of Health (2005a) Survey of Bereavement Care and Other Support Services (London: DoH).
Department of Health (2005b) When a Patient Dies: Advice on Developing Bereavement Services in the NHS (London: DoH).
Department of Health (2001a) Survey of Bereavement Care and Other Support Services (London: DoH).
Department of Health (2001b) The Removal, Retention and Use of Human Organs and Tissue from Post-Mortem Examination. Advice from the Chief Medical Officer (London: DoH).
Doka, K. (ed) (2001) Disenfranchised Grief: Recognising Hidden Sorrow, 3rd edn (Lexington: Lexington Books).
Ellis, J. (2006) ‘Supporting older people: Death and bereavement,’ Journal of Community Nursing, 11, 108–10.
Field, D., Payne, S., Relf, M., and Reid, D. (2007) ‘An overview of adult bereavement support in the United Kingdom: Issues for policy and practice,’ Social Science and Medicine, 64, 428–38.
Field, D., Reid, D., Payne, S., and Relf, M. (2004) ‘Survey of UK hospice and specialist palliative care adult bereavement services,’ International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 10, 569–76.
Freud, S. (1917) Mourning and Melancholia. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 14 (London: Hogarth Press).
Gallagher-Thompson, D., Futterman, A., Farberow, N., and Peterson, J. (1993) ‘The impact of spousal bereavement in older widows and widowers,’ in W. Stroebe, M. Stroebe, and R. Hansson (eds) Handbook of Bereavement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 227–39.
Harrison, L., and Harrington, R. (2001) ‘Adolescents’ bereavement experiences. Prevalence, association with depressive symptoms and use of services,’ Journal of Adolescence, 24, 159–69.
Hockey, J. (1990) Experiences of Death: An Anthropological Account (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press).
Holmes, T, and Rahe, R. (1967) ‘The Social Readjustment Scale,’ Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–8.
Huntzinger, N. W. (1995) ‘A selective review and discussion of the literature on early sibling loss,’ Depression and Stress, 1, 133–63.
Katz, J., Sidell, M., and Komaromy, C. (2000) ‘Death in homes: Bereavement needs of residents, relatives and staff,’ International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 6, 274–9.
Kershaw, H. (1998) ‘Mind mapping with bereaved adolescents,’ Bereavement Care, 17, 44.
Lieberman, M. A., and Yalom, I. (1992) ‘Brief group psychotherapy for the spousally bereaved: A controlled study,’ International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 42, 117.
Lindermann, E. (1944) ‘Symptomatology and management of Acute Grief,’ American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141–8.
Littlewood, J. (1992) Aspects of Grief: Bereavement in Adult Life (London: Routledge).
Lloyd, L. (2004) ‘Mortality and morality: Ageing and the ethics of care,’ Ageing and Society, 24, 235–56.
Loseke, D. (2003) Thinking about Social Problems: An Introduction to Constructionist Perspectives (Avenel, NJ: Transaction Books).
Lund, D., Caserta M. and Diamond, M. (1989) ‘Impact of spousal bereavement on the subjective wellbeing of older adults,’ in D. Lund (ed) Older Bereaved Spouses: Research with Practical Implications (New York: Taylor and Francis/Hemisphere), pp. 3–15.
Lyttle, P. (2006) ‘Community nurses, spirituality and bereavement care,’ Scottish Journal of Healthcare Chaplaincy, 9, 12–7.
Moss, M., Moss, S., and O. Hansson, R. (2001) ‘Bereavement and old age,’ in M. Stroebe, R. Hansson, W. Stroebe, and H. Schut (eds) Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 241–60.
Nagraij, S., and Barclay, S. (2009) ‘Bereavement and coping with loss,’ InnovAIT, 2, 613–8.
National Cancer Institute (2013) Grief, Bereavement and Coping with Loss. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/bereavement/Patient/page1/AllPages.
National Council for Voluntary Organisations (2013) Counting the Cuts: The Impact of Spending Cuts on the UK Voluntary and Community Sector. Available at: http://www.ncvo.org.uk/images/documents/policy_and_research/funding/counting_the_cuts_2013.pdf.
NICE (2011) Quality Standard for End of Life Care for Adults, NICE quality standard 13, Available at: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs13/resources/guidance-quality-standard-for-end-of-life-care-for-adults-pdf.
NSPCC (2015) Child Abuse and Neglect. Available at: http://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=UK_GO_S_P_BND_New_Grant_NSPCC_Child_Abuse&utm_term=nspcc_child_abuse&gclid=CPCwzLraycUCFYzMtAodIT8A sQ&gclsrc=aw.ds.
Office for National Statistics (2008) Death Registrations. Available at: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=952.
Office for National Statistics (2014) How Have Mortality Rates by Age Changed Over the Last 50 years?: Comparison of Mortality Rates by Age and Sex in 1963 and 2013. Available at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/death-reg-sum-tables/2013/sty-mortality-rates-by-age.html.
O’Hansson, R., Remondet, J., and Galusha, M. (1993) ‘Old age and widowhood: Issues of personal control and independence,’ in M. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, and R. Hansson (eds) Handbook of Bereavement: Theory, Research and Intervention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 367–80.
O’Hansson, R., and Stroebe, M. (2007) Bereavement in Late Life: Coping, Adaptation and Developmental Influences (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association).
Parkes, C. M. (1997) ‘Bereavement and mental health in the elderly,’ Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 7, 47–53.
Potts, S., Farrell, M., and O’Toole, J. (1999) ‘Treasure weekend: Supporting bereaved siblings,’ Palliative Medicine, 13, 51.
Relf, M., Machin, L., and Archer, N. (2008) Guidance for Bereavement Needs Assessment in Palliative Care (London: Help the Hospices).
Ribbens-McCarthy, J., and Jessop, J. (2005) Young People, Bereavement and Loss: Disruptive Transitions (London: National Children’s Bureau).
Rokach, A., and Bacanli, H. (2001) ‘Perceived causes of loneliness: A cross-cultural comparison,’ Social Behaviour and Personality, 29, 169–82.
Rook, K. (2009) ‘Gaps in social support resources in later life: An adaptation challenge in need of further research,’ Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 26, 103–12.
Rosenblatt, P. C. (2001) ‘A social constructionist perspective on cultural differences in grief,’ in M. Stroebe, R. O’Hansson, W. Stroebe, and H. Schut (eds) Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 285–300.
Rowa-Dewar, N. (2002) ‘Do interventions make a difference to bereaved parents? A systematic review of controlled studies,’ International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 8, 452–7.
Scrutton, S. (1995) Bereavement and Grief, Supporting Older People through Loss (London: Edward Arnold).
Stephen, A., Wimpenny, P., Unwin, R., Work, R, Dempster, P., Macduff, C, Wilcock, S., and Brown, A. (2009) ‘Bereavement and bereavement care in health and social care: Provision and practice in Scotland,’ Death Studies, 33, 239–61.
Stewart, M. and Lagille, L. (2000) ‘A framework for social support assessment and intervention in the context of chronic conditions and caregiving,’ in Stewart, M. (ed) Chronic Conditions and Caregiving Canada: Social Support Strategies (Toronto, University of Toronto Press) pp. 2–28.
Stroebe, W., and Schut, H. (2001) ‘Risk factors in bereavement outcome: A methodological and empirical review,’ in M. Stroebe, R. O’Hansson, W. Stroebe, and H. Schut (eds) Handbook of Bereavement Research: Consequences, Coping, and Care (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association), pp. 349–71.
Stylianos, S. K., and Vachon, M. L. S. (1993) ‘The role of social support in bereavement,’ in M. S. Stroebe, W. Stroebe, and R. O. Hansson (eds) Handbook of Bereavement: Theory, Research, and Intervention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 397–410.
Thompson, S. and Thompson, N. (1999) ‘Older people, crisis and loss,’ Illness, Crisis and Loss, 7, 122–33.
Thuen, F. (1997) ‘Received social support from informal networks and professionals in bereavement,’ Psychology, Health and Medicine, 2, 51–63.
Tudvier, R, Permaul-Woods, J., Hildithch, J., Harmina, J., and Scott, S. (1995) ‘Do widowers use the health care system differently? Does intervention make a difference?’ Canadian Family Physician, 41, 392–400.
Varney, D. (2006) Service Transformation: Better Service for Citizens and Businesses, a Better Deal for the Taxpayer (London: HM Treasury).
Valentine, C. A. (2006) ‘Academic constructions of bereavement,’ Mortality, 11, 57–78.
Victor, C, Scambler, S., Bond, J., and Bowling, A. (2002) ‘Loneliness in later life: Preliminary findings from the growing older project,’ Quality in Ageing, Policy, Practice and Research, 3, 34–41.
Walsh, S. (2007) Directory of Bereavement Services in the UK 2007 (London: Resource Information Service, Help the Hospices, and Cruse Bereavement Care).
Walter, T. (1999) On Bereavement: The Culture of Grief (Philadelphia: Open University Press).
Weston, R., Martin, T., and Anderson, Y. (eds) (1998) Loss and Bereavement: Managing Change (London: Blackwell Science).
Wiles, R., Jarrett, N., Payne, S., and Field, D. (2002) ‘Referrals for bereavement counselling in primary care: A qualitative study,’ Patient Education and Counselling, 48, 79–85.
Wilkinson, A., and Lynne, J. (2001) ‘The end of life,’ in R. Binstock and L. George (eds) Handbook of Aging and the Social Sciences (San Diego: Academic Press), pp. 444–61.
Wimpenny, P. (2006) Literature Review on Bereavement and Bereavement Care (Aberdeen: The Robert Gordon University).
Wimpenny, P., Unwin, R., Dempster, P., Grundy, M., Work, F, Brown, A., and Wilcock, S. (2007) ‘A literature review on bereavement and bereavement care,’ Bereavement Care, 26, 7–10.
Worden, J. (1982) Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy (New York: Springer Publishing Co. Inc.).
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2016 Jodie Croxall
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Croxall, J. (2016). Bereavement Support in Later Life: An Emerging Social Problem for the Twenty-First Century. In: Foster, L., Woodthorpe, K. (eds) Death and Social Policy in Challenging Times. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137484901_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137484901_8
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-55799-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-48490-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)