Introduction

Abstract

The current scientific and technological paradigm gives knowledge an essential role for social and economic development. Hence, supporting research and innovation has become imperative. In this context, applied research has become more important than basic inquiry, and the whole scientific endeavor converges with the advancement of technology, so knowledge can be transferred to benefit societies and propel economies. Governments, non-for-profit organizations, and private businesses can use knowledge generation to become more competitive and to hold up in the national and international arenas. Under these circumstances, productivity is required to efficiently use resources in order to obtain the highest benefit