Abstract
Among the stories told by the ancient Greek slave and sometime diplomat Aesop is a fable that neatly illuminates the nature of power. In the story the North Wind and the Sun argue as to who was more powerful and resolve to test their strength by competing to remove a cloak from a traveler. The North Wind blew his iciest blast but only succeeded in making the traveler wrap himself more tightly in his cloak, however, when the sun shone the traveler happily removed his cloak. This illustration of the power of friendly persuasion appealed to the ancients and their interpreters down the years. The debate is not theoretical. In our own world international actors regularly face the challenge of ideologically antithetical regimes—for democracies these are typically dictatorships—and wrestle with the best approach to promote change. Today that debate is often couched as a choice between hard and soft power.
“Influence can persuade, but power can compel.”
Hans J. Morgenthau, 1948.1
“Is our power such, that anything we do is a form of intervention?”
Allen Guttman, 1963.2
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Notes
Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics among Nations, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
Allen Guttman, American Neutrality and the Spanish Civil War, Boston: Heath and Company, 1963, p. vi.
See, for example, the contradictory positions of Tony Smith and Walter LaFeber in Michael J. Hogan (ed.), Ambiguous Legacy: U.S Foreign Relations in the “American Century,” New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 50–51 and p. 154.
See also Colin Cavell, Exporting “Made-in-America” Democracy: The National Endowment for Democracy & U.S. Foreign Policy, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2002.
See also Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “The United States and Cuba since 2000,” in Jorge I. Domínguez and Rafael Fernández de Castro (ed.), Contemporary U.S.—Latin American Relations: Cooperation or Conflict in the 21st Century?, New York: Routledge, 2010, pp. 44–63.
Peter Bakerdec, “U.S. to Restore Full Relations With Cuba,” The New York Times, December 17, 2014.
For a historical introduction to the concept see Nicholas J. Cull, “Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616 (2008B), pp. 31–54;
on its incorporation into academic production see Gregory Bruce, “Public Diplomacy: Sunrise of an Academic Field,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 616/1 (2008), pp. 274–290.
Victor Oviamionayi Iyanmu, “Diplomacia publica en la bibliografia actual,” Ámbitos, no. 11–12 (2004), p. 220.
Antonio Niño, “Uso y abuso de las relaciones culturales en la politica internacio-nal,” Ayer, no. 73 (2009), pp. 25–61.
Jan Melissen (ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, New York: Palgrave, 2005, p. 18.
Joseph Nye, Soft Power. The Means to Success in World Politics, New York: Public Affairs, 2004, pp. 107–109.
Pioneering works include: Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, New York: Macmillan, 1922;
Bernard Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963;
James Reston, The Artillery of the Press. Its Influence on American Foreign Policy, New York: Harper and Row Publishers, 1966.
Salustiano del Campo, La opinión pública española y la política exterior, Madrid: Tecnos, 1992.
More recently, Maxwell McCombs, Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion, Cambridge: Polity Press, 2004;
Joel Davidson, Armchair Warriors: Private Citizens, Popular Press, and the Rise of American Power, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2008.
Ali Fisher, Collaborative Public Diplomacy: How Transnational Networks Influenced American Studies in Europe, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2013, p. 17.
The remark is quoted in Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, Vol, 1: The Gathering Storm, London: Cassels, 1948, p. 105.
Leonardo Carvajal, “Morgenthau: ¿El Maquiavelo de la política internacional?” Observatorio de Análisis de los Sistemas Internationales, 12 (2007), pp. 253–269;
Quentin Skinner, Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Manuel Redero, “La transición a la democracia en España,” Ayer, no. 15 (1994), pp. 12–13.
Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead (eds.), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, vol. I, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1986;
Juan L. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transitions and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1996.
In spite of this, certain authors have recently criticized the fact that external factors of the Spanish Transition are still not viewed as meriting the necessary attention from the experts—Manuel Ortiz Heras, “La Transición, ¿un asunto doméstico por excelencia?…Pero exportable,” in Óscar Martín and Manuel Ortiz, Claves Internationales en la Transitión Española, Madrid: Los Libros de la Catarata, 2010, p. 14.
Among the pioneering studies in that new historiographi-cal direction are: Charles Powell, “La dimension exterior de la transición spañola,” Afers Internationals, 26 (1993), pp. 1–29.
Juan Carlos Pereira, “Transición y politica exterior: el nuevo reto de la historiografía española,” Ayer, no. 42 (2001), pp. 97–123;
Nuno Teixeira (ed.), The International Politics of Democratization. Comparative Perspectives, London: Routledge, 2008;
Loughlin, John, Frank Hendriks, and Anders Lidström, (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Local and Regional Democracy in Europe. Oxford Handbooks in Politics and International Relations, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2011;
Encarnación Lemus, Estados Unidos y la Transición española. Entre la Revolución de los Claveles y la Marcha Verde, Madrid: Silex, 2011.
Charles, El amigo americano. España y Estados Unidos: de la dictadura a la democracia, Barcelona, Galaxia Gütemberg, 2011.
Some of the few publications which adopt a fuller chronological perspective include: Morten R. Heiberg, “A Long and Winding Road: An International Perspective on the Fall and Rise of Democracy in Spain in the 20th Century,” in European Self-Reflection between Politics and Religion, the Crisis of Europe in the Twentieth century, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, pp. 80–92.
Montserrat Huguet, “España y el Mediterraneo en los años setenta,” Historia del Presente, no. 6 (2005), pp. 110–111.
Antonio Sánchez, El Amigo Alemán: el SPD y el PSOE de la dictadura a la democracia, Barcelona: RBA, 2012;
Fernando Guirao y Victor Gavin, “La dimensione internazionale della transizione politica spagnola, 1969–1982. Quale ruolo giocarono la Comunità europea e gli Stati Uniti,” in Mario del Pero, Victor Gavín, Fernando Guirao, and Antonio Varsori (eds.), Democrazie. L’Europa meridionale e la fine delle dittature, Milan: Mondadori, 2010, pp. 173–264;
Fernando Guirao, “The European Community’s Role in Promoting Democracy in Franco’s Spain, 1970–1975,” in Jan Van der Harst (ed.), Beyond the Customs Union: The European Community’s Quest for Deepening, Widening and Completion, 1969–1975, Nomos: Baden-Baden, 2007, pp. 163–193.
Charles Powell, “The Long Road to Europe: Spain and the European Community, 1957–1986,” in Joaquin Roy and Maria Lorca-Susino, Maria (eds.), Spain in the European Union: The First Twenty-Five Years (1986–2011), Miami-Florida European Union Center/Jean Monnet Chair, 2011, pp. 21–44.
Pamela Radcliff Making Democratic Citizens in Spain. Civil Society and the Popular Origins of the Transition, 1960–78, New York: Palgrave, 2011.
Giulia Quaggio, La Cultura en Transitión (Reconciliación y política cultural en España, 1976–1986), Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2014.
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© 2015 Francisco J. Rodríguez, Lorenzo Delgado, and Nicholas J. Cull
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Cull, N.J., Rodríguez Jiménez, F.J. (2015). Introduction: Soft Power, Public Diplomacy, and Democratization. In: Rodríguez Jiménez, F.J., Gómez-Escalonilla, L.D., Cull, N.J. (eds) US Public Diplomacy and Democratization in Spain. Palgrave Macmillan Series in Global Public Diplomacy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137461452_1
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