Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gender Earnings Inequality in the New EU Member States

  • Chapter
Book cover Inequalities During and After Transition in Central and Eastern Europe

Part of the book series: Studies in Economic Transition ((SET))

  • 130 Accesses

Abstract

The emphasis on economic and social equality was a hallmark of the socialist ideology. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were actually able to maintain remarkably equal distributions of income under central planning, and were often identified as the most equal countries in the world (Atkinson and Micklewright, 1992). Yet, notable forms of disparity in living standards — associated with neither monetary flows nor property rights and thus invisible to statistics — certainly existed, and often reflected the position of individuals in the political sphere (Milanovic, 1998). The transition into market-based capitalistic systems entailed a widening of all forms of inequality (Aristei and Perugini, 2012); among them, gender disparities and their evolution played a not inconsiderable role. The crisis that started in 2008 played an additional role in reshaping the gender earnings gap patterns in the region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albrecht, J., Van Vuuren, A. and Vroman, S. (2009) Counterfactual Distributions with Sample Selection Adjustments: Econometric Theory and an Application to the Netherlands. Labour Economics. 16(4). pp. 383–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aristei, D. and Perugini, C. (2012) Inequality and Reforms in Transition Countries. Economic Systems. 36(1). pp. 2–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arulampalam, W., Manquilef, A. and Smith, J. (2006) Quantile Regression Analysis of Union Wage Premia in the United Kingdom, 1991–2003. Unpublished mimeo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arulampalam W., Manquilef A. and Smith, J. (2009) Differences in Decline: Quantile Regression Analysis of Union Wage Differentials in the United Kingdom, 1991–2003. IZA Working Papers, No. 4138. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, A. B. and Micklewright, J. (1992) Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Distribution of Income. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Autor D.H., Levy, F. and Murnane, R.J. (2010) The Role of the Minimum Wage in the Evolution ol US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Modest Re-assessment. NBER Working Paper No. 16533. NBER.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassanini, A., Nunziata, L. and Venn, D. (2009) Job Protection Legislation and Productivity Growth in OECD Countries. Economic Policy. 2(58). pp. 349–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belot, G.J. (1964) Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University ol Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Belot, M., Boone, J. and van Ours, J.C. (2007) Welfare-Improving Employment Protection. Economica. 74(8). pp. 381–396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertola, G., Blau, F. D. and Kahn, L.M. (2007) Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns. Journal of Population Economics. 20(4). pp. 833–867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blau, F.D. and Kahn, L.M. (2003) Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap. Journal of Labor Economics. 21(1). pp. 106–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boeri, T. and Garibaldi, P. (2007) Two-Tier Reforms ol Employment Protection: A Honeymoon Effect? The Economic Journal. 117(6). pp. 357–385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohle, D. and Greskovits, B. (2007) Neoliberalism, Embedded Neoliberalism, and Neocorporatism: Paths towards Transnational Capitalism in Central-Eastern Europe. West European Politics. 30(3). pp. 443–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourlès, R., Cette, G., Lopez, J., Mairesse, J. and Nicoletti, G. (2012) Do Product Market Regulations in Upstream Sectors Curb Productivity Growth? Panel Data Evidence for OECD Countries. NBER Working Paper No. 16520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandolini, A., Rosolia, A. and Torrini, R. (2010) The Distribution ol Employees’ Labour Earnings in the EU: Data, Concepts and First Results. Eurostat Methodologies and Working Papers. Eurostat.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, M.L. and Jenkins, S.P. (2013) Regression Analysis ol Country Effects Using Multilevel Data: A Cautionary Tale. IZA Discussion Paper 7583. Bonn: Institute lor the Study of Labor (IZA). Available from: http://www.iza.org/en/ webcontent/publications/papers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchinsky, M. (1998) Recent Advances in Quantile Regression Models: A Practical Guideline lor Empirical Research. Journal of Human Resources. 23(1). pp. 88–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A.C. and Trivedi, RK. (2009) Microeconometrics Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press Publication, StataCorp LP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caze, S. and Nesporova, A. (2007) Flexicurity: A Relevant Approach in Central and Eastern Europe. Geneva: ILO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Checchi, D. and García-Peñalosa, C. (2008) Labour Market Institutions and Income Inequality. Economic Policy. 23(56). pp. 601–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Checchi, D. and Lucifora, C. (2002) Unions and Labour Market Institutions in Europe. Economic Policy. 17(35). pp. 361–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christofides, L., Polycarpou, A. and Vrachimis, K. (2010) The Gender Wage Gaps, “Sticky Floors” and “Glass Ceilings” ol the European Union. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5044. Bonn.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiNardo, J., Fortin, N.M. and Lemieux, T. (1996) Labour Market Institutions and the Distribution ol Wages, 1973–1992: A Semiparametric Approach. Econometrica. 64(5). pp. 1001–1046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doeringer, P. and Piore, M.J. (1971) Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis. Lexington, MA: Heat and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolado, J.J. and Llorens, V. (2004) Gender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain: Glass Floors Versus Glass Ceilings. CEPR Discussion Papers No. 4203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dustmann, C., Ludsteck, J. and Schonberg, U. (2009) Revisiting the German Wage Structure. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 124(2). pp. 843–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Earle, J.S. and Sakova, S. (2000) Business Start-Ups or Disguised Unemployment? Evidence on the Character of Self-employment from Transition Economies. Labour Economics. 7(5). pp. 575–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2009) An Ageing Europe — Challenges of the European Senior Service Sector. Country Profiles. Report of the Leonardo da Vinci Project no. 134320-LLP-2007-DK-LMP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falter, J. (2007) Self-employment and Earning Inequality. Journal of Income Distribution. 16(2). pp. 106–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fialova, K. and Schneider, O. (2009) Labor Market Institutions and Their Effect on Labor Market Performance in the New EU Member Countries. Eastern European Economics. 47(3). pp. 57–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firpo S., Fortin N.M. and Lemieux, T. (2011) Occupational Tasks and Changes in the Wage Structure. IZA Discussion Papers 5542. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, R.B. and Katz, L.F. (1995) Introduction and Summary. In Freeman, R.B. and Katz, L.F. (eds). Differences and Changes in Wage Structures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 1–21.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, B. (1999) Labour Market Institutions and the Gender Pay Ratio. The Australian Economic Review. 32(3). pp. 273–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gwartney, J., Lawson, R., Grubel H., de Haan J., Sturm J. and Zandberg, E. (2010) Economic Freedom of the World: 2009 Annual Report. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute. Data retrieved from http://www.freetheworld.com.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckman, J.J. (1979) Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society. 47(1). pp. 153–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinze, A. and Wolf, E. (2010) The Intra-Firm Gender Wage Gap: A New View on Wage Differentials Based on Linked Employer-Employee Data. Journal of Population Economics. 23(3). pp. 851–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holscher, J., Perugini, C. and Pompei, F. (2011) Wage Inequality, Labour Market Flexibility and Duality in Eastern and Western Europe. Post-communist Economies. 23(3). pp. 271–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. (2002) The Transition in East Germany: When Is a Ten-Point Fall in the Gender Gap Bad News? Journal of Labor Economics. 20(1). pp. 148–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ichimura, H. (1993) Semiparametric Least Squares (SLS) and Weighted SLS Estimation of Single-Index Models. Journal of Econometrics. 58(1). pp. 71–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ILO (2012) World of Work Report 2012: Better Jobs for a Better Economy. Geneva: International Labour Organization and International Institute for Labour Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jurajda, Š. (2003) Gender Wage Gap and Segregation in Enterprises and the Public Sector in Late Transition Countries. Journal of Comparative Economics. 31(2). pp. 199–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurajda, Š. (2005) Gender Segregation and Wage Gap: An East-West Comparison. Journal of the European Economic Association. 3(2–3). pp. 598–607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jurajda, Š. and Harmgart, H. (2007) When Do Female Occupations Pay More? Journal of Comparative Economics. 35(1). pp. 170–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, L.M. (2007) The Impact of Employment Protection Mandates on Demographic Temporary Employment Patterns: International Microeconomic Evidence. The Economic Journal. 117(521). pp. F333–F356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. and Spady, R.H. (1993) An Efficient Semiparametric Estimator for Binary Response Models. Econometrica. 61(2). pp. 387–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koeniger, W., Leonardi, M. and Nunziata, L. (2007) Labor Market Institutions and Wage Inequality. Industrial and Labour Relation Review. 6(3). pp. 340–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koenker, R. and Bassett, G. (1978) Regression Quantiles. Econometrica. 46(1). pp. 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Font, S. (2001) One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Women in the Post-communist States. Communist and Post-communist Studies. 34(2). pp. 203–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D.S. (1999) Wage Inequality in the US During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion of Falling Minimum Wage. Quarterly Journal of Economics. 114(3). pp. 977–1023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lehmann, H. and Muravyev, A. (2012) Labor Market Institutions and Labor Market Performance: What Can We Learn from Transition Countries? Economics of Transition. 20(2). pp. 235–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lemieux, T. (2011) Wage Inequality: A Comparative Perspective. Australian Bulletin of Labour. 37(1). pp. 2–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi, M. and Pica, G. (2012) Who Pays for It? The Heterogeneous Wage Effects of Employment Protection Legislation. The Economic Journal. 153(573). pp. 1236–1278.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuinness, S., Kelly, E., O’Connell, P.J. and Callan, T. (2011) The Impact of Wage Bargaining and Worker Preferences on the Gender Pay Gap. European Journal of Industrial Relations. 17(3). pp. 277–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez Errico, L. (2013) The Impacts of Social Networks on Immigrants’ Employment Prospects: The Spanish Case 1997–2007. Document de Treballe No. 13.1. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milanovic, B. (1998) Income, Inequality, and Poverty During the Transition from Planned to Market Economies. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mincer, J. (1958) Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution. The Journal of Political Economy. 66(4). pp. 281–302.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myslíková, M. (2012) The Gender Wage Gap in Central European Countries. Prague Economic Papers, 3. Prague: Institute of Economic Studies, Charles University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newell, A. and Reilly, B. (2001) The Gender Pay Gap in the Transition from Communism: Some Empirical Evidence. Economic Systems. 25(4). pp. 287–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nicodemo, C. (2009) Gender Pay Gap and Quantile Regression in European Families. IZA Working Paper No. 3978. Bonn: IZA.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2012) Employment Database, November 2012. Paris: OECD Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pastore, F. and Verashchagina, A. (2011) When Does Transition Increase the Gender Wage Gap? Economics of Transition. 19(2). pp. 333–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perugini, C. and Selezneva, E. (2015) Labour Market Institutions, Crisis and Gender Earnings Gap in Eastern Europe. The Economics of Transition, doi: 10.1111/ecot.12072.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ponzellini, A.M., Aumayr, C. and Wolf. F. (2010) Addressing the Gender Wage Gap: Government and Social Partner Actions. Dublin: Eurofound.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rigler, A. and Vanicsek, M. (2008) Gender Inequalities of the Labour Market. Decomposition of the Pay Gap in Hungary. BerBarometer Project — Equal H 005.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubery, J., Grimshaw, D. and Figueiredo, H. (2005) How to Close the Gender Pay Gap in Europe: Towards the Gender Mainstreaming of Pay Policy. Industrial Relations Journal. 36(3). pp. 184–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simón, H. (2012) The Gender Gap in Earnings: An International Comparison with European Matched Employer-Employee Data. Applied Economics. 44(15). pp. 1985–1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snijders, T.A.B. and Bosker, R. (1999) Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  • Venn, D. (2009) Legislation, Collective Bargaining and Enforcement: Updating the OECD Employment Protection Indicators. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. 89. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Viitanen, T. (2007) Informal and Formal Care in Europe. IZA Discussion Papers No. 2648. Bonn: IZA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zabalza, A. and Tzannatos, Z. (1985) Women andEqualPay: The Effects of Legislation on Female Employment and Wages in Britain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Cristiano Perugini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ekaterina Selezneva
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Perugia, Italy

    Cristiano Perugini  & Fabrizio Pompei  & 

Copyright information

© 2015 Cristiano Perugini and Ekaterina Selezneva

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Perugini, C., Selezneva, E. (2015). Gender Earnings Inequality in the New EU Member States. In: Perugini, C., Pompei, F. (eds) Inequalities During and After Transition in Central and Eastern Europe. Studies in Economic Transition. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137460981_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation