Abstract
This chapter will focus on how Protestant forces that dramatically altered the economic and cultural landscape of Europe and the United States prior to the twentieth century have persisted and continue to influence people’s notions of wealth and the design and delivery of financial services for the poor throughout the rest of the world today. The first section will revisit the concept of the Protestant Ethic posited by sociologist Max Weber and how it has helped to shape modern America from a philanthropic perspective. The second section will look at how the principle of self-reliance found in the Protestant Ethic relates to the American dream of wealth gained primarily through entrepreneurship. The third section will touch upon the challenge of individualism on group microfinance models. The fourth and final section will present an in-depth case study examining the expansive role members of the Mormon Church have played in microfinance. By looking closely at the intellectual thought and practical work of this particular religious denomination, the chapter will demonstrate how many of the ideas of this uniquely American religion, one that has arguably embraced many principles inherent in the Protestant Ethic to a high degree, illuminate a myriad of economic issues rooted in those ideals.
“Having, First, gained all you can, and, Secondly saved all you can, Then ‘give all you can.’“1
John Wesley
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Notes
John Wesley, Sermon 50: “The Use of Money,” http://www.umcmission.org/Find-Resources/John-Wesley-Sermons/Sermon-50-The-Use-of-Money (accessed 2 January 2014).
Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, 2003), 90.
Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Vintage Books, 1998), 55.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Self Reliance and Other Essays (New York: Dover, 1993), 23.
Reid Hoffman and Ben Casnocha, The Start-up of You: Adapt to the Future, Invest in Yourself and Transform Your Career (New York: Crown Business, 2012), 23.
Howard H. Stevenson, “A Paradigm of Entrepreneurship,” in Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 11, Special Issue: Corporate Entrepreneurship (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, Summer 1990), 23.
Jordan Weissmann, “Think We’re the Most Entrepreneurial Country In the World? Not So Fast,” The Atlantic, 2 October 2012, http://www.theatlan-tic.com/business/archive/2012/10/think-were-the-most-entrepreneurial-coun try-in-the-world-not-so-fast/26310J2/ (accessed 2 January 2014).
Muhammad Yunus, Banker to the Poor (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), 207.
Abhijit V. Banerjee and Esther Duflo, Poor Economics (New York: Public Affairs, 2001), 233.
Daryl Collins, Jonathon Morduch, Stuart Rutherford, and Orlanda Ruthven, Portfolios of the Poor (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009), 63.
Hurst and Lusardi estimate the percentage of entrepreneurs in the United States at only 13%. Developing countries, however, most likely retain a higher percentage of entrepreneurs (See: Erik Hurst and Annamaria Lusardi, “Do Household Savings Encourage Entrepreneurship?” in Overcoming Barriers to Entrepreneurship in the United States, ed. Diana Furchgott-Roth (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008), 50).
Nicolas Kristof, “From South Sudan to Yale,” The New York Times, 28 March 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/29/opinion/kristof-from-south-sudan-to-yale.html?_r=0 (accessed 2 January 2014).
Malcolm Harper, “What’s wrong with groups,” in What’s Wrong with Microfinance, ed. Thomas Dichter and Malcolm Harper (Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing, 1997), 44.
Richard E. Nisbett, Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently … and Why (New York: Free Press, 2003), 5.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Doctrine and Covenants of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, The Pearl of Great Price (Salt Lake City, UT: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, 2013), 57:1.
Jan Shipps writes: “Despite a value structure and belief in Jesus Christ which Mormons share with middle-class American Protestants, the Saints have not been absorbed into Protestantism.” See: Jan Shipps, “The Prophet Puzzle: Suggestions Leading Toward a More Comprehensive Interpretation of Joseph Smith” The Prophet Puzzle (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997), 27–28.
David L. Paulson and Cory G. Walker, “Work, Worship and Grace,” (Salt Lake City: Deseret Books and FARMS Review, 2000), 86.
Hugh W. Nibley, Approaching Zion (Salt Lake City: Deseret Books and FARMS Review, 1989), 203–251.
Garth Mangum and Bruce Blumell, The Mormons’ War on Poverty: A Histoiy of LDS Welfare, 1830–1990 (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1993), 261.
As of April 2013, the Church had 405 active missions with 65,634 fulltime missionaries around the world. See President Thomas M. Monson, “Welcome to Conference,” Liahona Magazine, May 2013, http://www.lds.org/liahona/2013/05/welcome-to-conference (accessed 2 January 2014).
Richard L. Bushman, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling (New York: Vintage Books, 2005), 331.
Lucas and Woodworth provide an excellent history of the Untied Order. The United Order is the implementation of the divine teachings and commandments encompassed in the law of consecration and stewardship. See James W. Lucas and Warner Woodworth, Working Toward Zion: Principles of the United Order for the Modern World (Salt Lake City: Aspen Books, 1996), 17.
Warner Woodworth, Joseph Grenny, and Todd Manwaring, United for Zion: Principles for Uniting the Saints to Eliminate Poverty (Orem, UT: Unitus Publications, 2000), 14.
Vikas Bajaj, “Microlender, First in India to Go Public, Trades Higher,” The New York Times, 16 August 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/busi ness/global/17micro.html?_r=0 (accessed 3 January 2014).
United Labs, “Unitus Teams Up with OPIC and CITI,” 29 March 2010, http://unituslabs.org/updates/unitus-teams-up-with-opic-citi/ (accessed 3 January 2014).
BYU Marriott School, “About Melvin J. Ballard,” http://marriottschool.byu.edu/selfreliance/about/melvin (accessed 3 January 2014). “Our primary purpose was to set up … a system under which the curse of idleness would be done away with, the evils of a dole abolished and independence, industry, thrift, and self-respect be once more established amongst our people. The aim of the Church is to help the people to help themselves. Work is to be re-enthroned as the ruling principle of the lives of our Church membership.”
Sarah Jane Weaver, “Fighting Poverty: Research by BYU’s Center for Economic Self-Reliance to Help Poor,” Deseret News 76, no. 25 (2006), 8–9.
Melvin Russell Ballard, “Becoming Self-Reliant—Spiritually and Physically,” (address given at Brigham Young University during the opening of the Marriott School’s Center for Economic Self-Reliance, Provo, Utah, 11 March 2004).
Michael Gerber, The E-Myth Revisited: Why Most Small Businesses Don’t Work and What to Do About It (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 1995), 1–33.
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© 2014 Michael Looft
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Looft, M. (2014). Protestant Influences. In: Inspired Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137450784_4
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