Abstract
In late April 1893, President Grover Cleveland and most of his cabinet—less than two months in office—left Washington D.C. and travelled by rail to Chicago. En route they made a detour to New York City, where they witnessed an international naval review from the deck of the modern, all-steel warship, USS Dolphin.1 Arriving in Chicago, the party attended the opening ceremony of the World’s Columbian Exposition where, shortly after midday on May 1, Cleveland delivered a brief speech to a cheering crowd estimated at 600,000. Expressing his wish that the hopes and aspirations of the American people would “awaken forces which in all time to come shall influence the welfare, the dignity, and freedom of mankind,” the president declared the Exposition open and pressed the button that signaled the unfurling of two thousand flags and banners.2 A cacophony of cheers, steam whistles from the vessels along the waterfront, and a salute from the guns of the USS Michigan welcomed the opening of this grand display of national pride and technological prowess. Over the next six months more than 27 million people would pass through the gates to enjoy the spectacle of all that their nation had to offer them and the world at the close of the nineteenth century.3
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932, reprint New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1966), 521.
Ellen M. Litwicki, “The Influence of Commerce, Technology, and Race on Popular Culture in the Gilded Age,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd Edition, Ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Ltd., 2007), 187.
Richard H. Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion: A New View of American Imperialism (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 29–30.
Walter LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. II: The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 114.
Ruth C. Crocker, “Cultural and Intellectual Life in the Gilded Age,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd Edition, Ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Ltd., 2007), 211–212.
Charles S. Campbell, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy: 1865–1900 (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 84.
Charles W. Calhoun, “Introduction,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd Edition, Ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Ltd., 2007), 2.
Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1987, reprint, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2008), xiii.
George Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 285.
W. Bernard Carlson, “Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870–1900,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd Edition, Ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Ltd., 2007), 33.
Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (London: Unwin Hyman, 1990), 243.
Ernest R. May, Imperial Democracy: The Emergence of America as a Great Power (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961), 270.
For an excellent recent study of how the media catered to the public interest in foreign affairs in the late nineteenth century, see Frank Ninkovich, Global Dawn: The Cultural Foundation of American Internationalism, 1865–1890 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009).
See Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1963)
and William Appleman Williams, The Roots of the Modern American Empire (New York: Vintage Books, 1970).
David M. Pletcher, “Rhetoric and Results: A Pragmatic View of American Economic Expansion, 1865–98,” in Diplomatic History, vol. 5, No. 2 (1981) 93–105.
Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998).
Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 568.
Lewis L. Gould, “Party Conflict: Republicans versus Democrats, 1877–1901,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd Edition, Ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Ltd., 2007), 268.
Charles W. Calhoun, “The Political Culture: Public Life and the Conduct of Politics,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd Edition, Ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Ltd., 2007), 253.
Collin, Theodore Roosevelt, Culture, Diplomacy, and Expansion, 33–44; Allan Nevins, Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage (1932, reprint New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1966), 212–213.
Richard E. Welch, The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 61.
H. Paul Jeffers, An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland (New York: HarperCollins, 2000) 10.
Matthew Algeo, The President is a Sick Man (Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2011), 50.
Gerald G. Eggert, Richard Olney: Evolution of a Statesman (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1974), 119.
Copyright information
© 2014 Nick Cleaver
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cleaver, N. (2014). Introduction. In: Grover Cleveland’s New Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448491_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137448491_1
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-49646-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-44849-1
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)