Abstract
The EU identified Iran’s economic importance in the form of the 2001 European Commission (EC) communication to the European Parliament (EP) and European Council (ECL).
The EU has both political and economic reasons to develop closer ties with Iran … [The Middle Eastern state] could in the future have a significant potential as a regional economic partner, offering substantial opportunities for trade and investment. However, this potential will only develop if Iran engages in a major overhaul of its trade and economic policies. (EC, 2001)1
The emphasis on “overhauling” Iran’s trade and economic policies complements the EU’s peace-through-trade policy, as a more liberal Iranian economic policy would allow for greater EU-Iranian trade, which the EU believes would then enable it to prevent conflict and maintain peace. However, the EU’s peace-through-trade policy failed in Iran between 1979 and 2009, as the country was involved in the conflict with Iraq and continued efforts to pursue strategies that threatened peace, as determined by the EU,2 specifically the abuse of human rights demonstrated by the killing of more than 20,000 political opposition figures and prisoners in the 1980s alone,3 as well as nuclear technology development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Adam Tarock, “Iran-Western Europe Relations on the Mend,” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 26:1 (1989): 43.
For example, Tehran acted as a medium for the transfer of supplies across land to the Soviet Union during World War II, in Reza M. Ghods, cited in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond A. Hinnebusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997), 28.
IFS, 1986 and 1987 Yearbooks and “Statistiques De L” Indistrie Petroliène (Petrol), 1986 Yearbook. Cited in Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Manshour Varasteh (eds.), Iran and the International Community (London: Routledge, 1991). 148.
Reza Afshari, Human Rights in Iran: The Abuse of Cultural Relativism (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania Press, 2001), 3.
A. E. Torbat, “Impacts of the US Trade and Financial Sanctions on Iran,” The World Economy 28:3 (2005): 430.
B. Nozani, cited in Fakhreddin Soltani and Reza E. Amiri, “Foreign Policy of Iran after Islamic Revolution,” Journal of Politics and Law 3:2 (2010): 201.
Robert H. Donaldson, The Soviet Union in the Third World: Successes and Failures (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1981), 202.
Federal Research Division, Iran: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 247.
Hossein Amirsadeghi, The Security of the Persian Gulf (London: Croom Helm, 1981), 259.
Seyyed H. Mousavian, Iran-Europe Relations: Challenges and Opportunities (London: Routledge, 2008), 20, converted using 1982 rate of $1 = 2.43 Deutsche Marks, found in University College Santa Barbara (UCSB), “Historical Dollar-to-Marks Currency Conversion Page,” http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/projects/currency.htm (accessed April 20, 2012).
Helmut Hubel, “Cooperation and Conflict in German and American Policies toward Regions outside Europe,” in Detlef Junker (ed.), The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 74.
Peter Carrington, cited in Sayyeed H. Amin, Political and Strategic Issues in the Gulf (Glasgow: Royston, 1984), 252.
Stephen M. Walt, Revolution and War (New York: Cornell University Press, 1996), 234.
Anthony Parsons, “Iran and Western Europe,” Middle East Journal 43:2 (1989): 226.
Susan Holly, Conflict in the Gulf: Economic and Maritime implications of the Iran-Iraq War (London: Lloyds of London Press, 1988), 29.
Dilip Hiro, The Longest War; The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (London: Routledge, 1991), 127.
Shireen Hunter, OPEC and the Third World: The Politics of Aid (Kent: Croom Helm, 1984), 150.
Judith Perera, “Was Iraq Really Developing a Bomb?,” New Scientist 90:1257 (June 11, 1981): 689.
Elizabeth Gamlen and Paul Rogers, “US Reflagging of Kuwaiti Tankers,” in Farhang Rajaee, The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression (Florida: Florida University Press, 1993), 138.
Ahmad Naghibzadeh, “Western Europe and the War,” in Farhang Rajaee (ed.), Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War (Florida: Florida University Press, 1997), 40.
From 13,606,500 tons of oil in 1978 to 1,777,000 tons of oil in 1981, in Kamran Mofid, The Economic Consequences of the Gulf War (London: Routledge, 1990), 4–37.
Ami Ayalon and Haim Shaked, Middle East Contemporary Survey (Oxford: Westview Press, 1988), 210.
Who was in office for a seven-year spell from 1989 to 1996, in Mehdi Moslem, Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran (New York: Syracuse University Press, 2002), 142.
Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (London: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 153.
Clinton administration high-ranking official, September 27, 1999, Washington, DC. Cited in Roy H. Ginsberg, The European Union in International Politics: Baptism by Fire (Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), 200.
Houchang E. Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years (London: IB Tauris, 2006), 290.
Saira Khan, Iran and Nuclear Weapons: Protracted Conflict and Proliferation (Oxford: Routledge, 2010), 79.
John Peterson, Europe and America: Prospects for Partnership (London: Routledge, 1996), 77–78.
Moshaver, “Revolution, Theocratic Leadership and Iran’s Foreign Policy: Implications for Iran-EU Relations,” in Gerd Nooneman, Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies; and the Relationship with Europe (Oxford: Routledge, 2005), 180.
Iran Times (July 16, 1989). Quoted in Nikki R. Keddie and Mark J. Gasiorowski, Neither East nor West: Iran, the Soviet Union and the United States (Yale, CT: Yale University Press, 1990), 33.
Richard N. Haass, Transatlantic Tensions: The U.S., Europe, and Problem Countries (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), 77.
Human Rights Watch (HRW), Human Rights Watch World Report 1990: An Annual Review of Developments and the Bush Administration’s Policy on Human Rights Worldwide (Washington, DC: HRW, 1991), 473.
Maria Do Céo Pinto, “Sanctioning Iran: US-European Disputes over Policy towards Iran,” The International Spectator 36:2 (2001): 107.
K. S. McLachlan, “The Iranian Economy: Evolution, Current Situation and Future Outlook,” Sovereignty, Territoriality and International Boundaries in South Asia, South West Asia and the Mediterranean Basin (London: SOAS. 1991). 22.
EIU, Iran Quarterly Economic Review (London: EIU, 1979), No.4, 12.
Ervand Abrahamian, Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (London: IB Tauris, 1989), 35.
Akbar H. Rafsanjani on Radio Tehran, 07/10–SWB (October 10, 1988), cited in David Menashri, Iran: A Decade of War and Revolution (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, 1990), 392.
Tarek Y. Ismael, International Relations of the Contemporary Middle East: A Study in World Politics (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1986), 124.
Jesper Jensen and David Tarr, “Trade, Foreign Exchange, and Energy Policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Reform, Agenda, Economic Implications, and Impact on the Poor,” The World Bank Development Research Group, Trade Policy Research Working Paper 2768, WB (Washington, DC: WB, 2002), 21.
Copyright information
© 2015 Amir M. Kamel
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kamel, A.M. (2015). Iran, Part I: The Revolution and Two Gulf Wars (1979–1991). In: The Political Economy of EU Ties with Iraq and Iran. The Political Economy of the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137439802_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137439802_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-68393-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-43980-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)