Abstract
The assumption that trade and peace have a positive correlation is something that has been believed for millennia.1 Further, such belief in the positive trade-peace relationship has manifested itself in the form of government and intergovernmental policies. More recently, liberal democracies in the West have implemented policies based on this assumption and, in turn, have expanded this policy when concerned with dealings with a foreign actor (or state). However, this policy has not always led to the desired peace-through-trade outcome.
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Notes
Brackets added for clarity. In EU, “Treaty on the European Union Together with the Complete Text of the Treaty Establishing the European Community” (Brussels: EU, August 31, 1992), 54.
EU, “Treaty of Rome” (Rome: EU, March 25, 1957), 75.
These activities included developments such as the 1979 US Tehran embassy takeover that resulted in 52 Americans being held hostage by supporters of the Iranian Revolution. Magnus Ranstorp, Hizb’allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis (London: Macmillan, 1997), 1. This also included Iran’s poor human rights record. EP, “The EU-Iran Human Rights Dialogue,” Briefing Paper (Brussels: EU, June 2007), 6.
Plutarch (ca. AD 100). Quoted in Douglas A. Irwin, Against the Tide: An Intellectual History of Free Trade (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996), 11.
David Hume, Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects (Edinburgh: A. Millar, A. Kincaid, A. Donaldson, 1758), 330, https://play.google.com/store/books /details?id=EHQRAAAAIAAJ&rdid=book-EHQRAAAAIAAJ&rdot=1 (accessed June 4, 2014).
Charles-Louis Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (New York: Hafner, 1966 [1748]), 316.
Andrew Moravcsik, Liberalism and International Relations Theory (Cambridge: Harvard Center for International Affairs, 1992), 6–13.
Michael W. Doyle, “Liberalism and World Politics,” The American Political Science Review 80:4 (1986): 1163.
Andrew Kydd, “Trust, Reassurance, and Cooperation,” International Organization 54:2 (2000): 325–326.
Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace (Minneapolis, MN: Filiquarian Publishing, 2007 [1795]), 19.
John R. O’Neal and George Russett, “The Kantian Peace: The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence, and International Organizations, 1885–1992,” World Politics 52:1 (1999): 3.
The UN cited in Oles M. Smolansky and Bettie M. Smolansky, The USSR and Iraq: The Soviet Quest for Influence (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), 23–24.
With the help of, among others, French and German technology and intelligence, in Kenneth R. Timmerman, The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq (London: Bantam Books, 1991), 358.
Øystein Noreng, Crude Power: Politics and the Oil Market (London: IB Tauris, 2006), 135–136.
Federal Research Division, Saudi Arabia: A Country Study (Washington, DC: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), 152.
S. W. Polachek and C. Seiglie, “Trade, Peace and Democracy: An Analysis of Dyadic Dispute,” Institute for the Study of Labor, Discussion Paper No. 2170 (June 2006), 61–62.
Patrick J. McDonald, “Peace through Trade or Free Trade?,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48:4 (2004): 559.
Pascal Lamy, “Middle East Trade: An EU Perspective,” World Economic Forum (WEF) (Amman: WEF, 2003), p. 3; and Mark Hester, “Middle East and North Africa take Growing Share of EU’s Gas Market,” Oil and Energy Trends 32:8 (2008): 3.
Richard N. Haass, Transatlantic Tensions: The U.S., Europe, and Problem Countries (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), 77.
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (London: J. M. Dent and Sons, 1937), 90.
Anthony T. Kronman, “Contract Law and the State of Nature,” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 1:1 (1985): 6.
Johan Galtung, “Twenty-Five Years of Peace Research: Ten Challenges and Some Responses,” Journal of Peace Research 22:2 (1985): 145.
John Black, Oxford Dictionary of Economics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 469.
David G. Anderson, “The International Arms Trade: Regulating Conventional Arms Transfers in the Aftermath of the Gulf War,” American University International Law Review 7:4 (1992): 752–753.
For examples, see Alan Friedman, Spider’s Web: The Secret History of How the White House Illegally Armed Iraq (Michigan: Bantam Books, 1993) and Timmerman, The Death Lobby.
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© 2015 Amir M. Kamel
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Kamel, A.M. (2015). Introducing the Subject. In: The Political Economy of EU Ties with Iraq and Iran. The Political Economy of the Middle East. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137439802_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137439802_1
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