Skip to main content

Using Conversation Analysis for Understanding Children’s Talk about Traumatic Events

  • Chapter
The Palgrave Handbook of Child Mental Health

Abstract

There is a wealth of research and literature investigating children’s traumatic experiences from a psychological perspective, whereas there is relatively less literature using a sociological approach that includes discourse, narrative, and conversation. This chapter aims to demonstrate the importance of investigating children’s trauma talk through this latter approach by providing a theoretical overview of literature that uses conversation analysis (CA) to explore children’s interactions related to trauma and associated mental health matters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 239.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baker, C. D., Emmison, M., & Firth, A. (2001). Discovering order in opening sequences: Calls to a software helpline. In A. McHoul & M. Rapley (Eds.), How to analyse talk in institutional settings: A casebook of methods (pp. 41–56). London/New York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basch, M. (1989). The teacher the transference and development. In K. Field, B. Cohler, & G. Wood (Eds.), Learning and teaching in education: Psychoanalytic perspectives. Madison, CT: International University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A. (2013). Responding to children’s answers: Questions embedded in the social context of early childhood education. Early years: An International Research Journal, 33(3), 275–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A., & Danby, S. (2013). Recovering from the earthquake: Early childhood teachers and children collaboratively telling stories about their experiences. Disaster Management and Prevention Journal — Special Issue: Lessons from Christchurch, 22(5), 467–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A., Danby, S., & Howard, J. (2013a). Everyday preschool talk about Christchurch earthquakes. Australia Journal of Communication — Special Issue: Disaster Talk, 40(1), 103–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A., Danby, S., & Howard, J. (2013b). Living in a broken world: How young children’s well-being is supported through playing out their earthquake experiences. International Journal of Play — Special Issue: Play and Well Being, 2(3), 202–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, A., & Waters, J. (2013). Asymmetries of knowledge between children and teachers on a New Zealand bush walk. Australian Journal of Communication — Special Issue: Asymmetries of Knowledge, 40(2), 19–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (2012). Principles guiding practice and responses to recent community disasters in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40(4), 86–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. W. (2008). Talk and social interaction in the playground. Aldershot: Ashgate.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. W., Danby, S., & Emmison, M. (2011). Address terms in turn beginnings: Managing disalignment and disaffiliation in telephone counselling. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 44(4), 338–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. W., Danby, S., Emmison, M., & Thorpe, K. (2009). Managing medical advice seeking in calls to Child Health Line. Sociology of Health and Illness, 31(6), 817–834.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, C. W., Potter, J., Danby, S., Emmison, M., & Hepburn, A. (2010). Advice implicative interrogatives: Building ‘client centred’ support in a children’s helpline. Social Psychology Quarterly, 73(3), 265–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cromdal, J., Persson-Thunqvist, D., & Osvaldsson, K. (2012). ‘SOS 112 what has occurred?’ Managing openings in children’s emergency calls. Discourse, Context & Media, 1(4), 183–202, doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2012.10.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danby, S., & Baker, C. (2000). Unravelling the fabric of social order in block area. In S. Hester & D. Francis (Eds.), Local educational order: Ethnomethodological studies of knowledge in action (pp. 91–140). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Danby, S., Baker, C., & Emmison, M. (2005). Four observations on opening calls to Kids Help Line. In C. D. Baker, M. Emmison, & A. Firth (Eds.), Calling for help: Language and social interaction in telephone helplines (pp. 133–151). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Danby, S., Butler, C. W., & Emmison, M. (2009). When ‘listeners can’t talk’: Comparing active listening in opening sequences of telephone and online counselling. Australian Journal of Communication, 36(3), 91–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Danby, S., Butler, C. W., & Emmison, M. (2011). ‘Have you talked with a teacher yet?’: How helpline counsellors support young callers being bullied at school. Children & Society, 25(4), 328–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danby, S. & Emmison, M. (2014). Kids, counsellors and troubles-telling: Morality-inaction on an Australian children’s helpline. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Professional Practice, 9(2), 263–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, S. (2012). Long term support in schools and early childhood services after February 2011. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 40(4), 95–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccleston, K., & Hayes, D. (2008). The dangerous rise of therapeutic education. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1993). Language and causation: A discursive action model of description and attribution. Psychological Review, 100(1), 23–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D., & Stokoe, E. (2007). Self-help in calls for help with problem neighbors. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 40(1), 9–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmison, M., Butler, C., & Danby, S. (2011). Script proposals: A device for empowering clients in counselling. Discourse Studies, 13(1), 3–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmison, M., & Danby, S. (2007a). Troubles announcements and reasons for calling: Initial actions in opening sequences in calls to a national children’s helpline. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 40(1), 63–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emmison, M., & Danby, S. (2007b). Who’s the friend in the background? Interactional strategies in determining authenticity in calls to a national children’s helpline. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 30(3), 31.31–31.17, doi:10.2104/aral0731.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, K. (2010). ‘Just say it in your own words’: The social interactional nature of investigative interviews into child sexual abuse. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Adelaide.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fogarty, K., Augoustinos, M., & Kettler, L. (2013). Re-thinking rapport through the lens of progressivity in talk to develop peer-based health activities. Qualitative Health Research, 19(8), 1162–1175.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R. (2013). Conversation analysis in the classroom. In J. Sidnell & T. Stivers (Eds.), The handbook of conversation analysis (pp. 593–612). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R., & Mushin, I. (2013). Teachers telling: Informings in an early years classroom. Australian Journal of Communication, 40(2), 63–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geldard, K., Geldard, D., & Foo, R. (2013). Counselling children: A practical introduction (4th edition). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, L., Mutch, C., O’Connor, P., & MacDougall, C. (2013). Research with, by, for and about children: Lessons from disaster contexts. Global Studies of Childhood, 3(2), 129–141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. F. (2012). Caring for kids after trauma and death: A guide for parents and professionals. New York: The Institute for Trauma and Stress.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J., Danby, S., Butler, C. W., & Emmison, M. (2012). Extending client-centered Support: Counselors’ proposals to shift from email to telephone counseling. Text and Talk, 32(1), 21–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hendry, L. B., & Kloep, M. (2002). Lifespan development: Resources, challenge and risk. London: Centage, Thomson Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn, A. (2005). ‘You’re not takin’ me seriously’: Ethics and asymmetry in calls to a child protection helpline. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 18(3), 253–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. (2010). The developmental and therapeutic value of children’s play: Reestablishing teachers as play professionals. In J. Moyles (Ed.), The excellence of play (pp. 201–215). Buckingham, England: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J., & McInnis, K. (2013). The essence of play: A practice companion for professionals working with children and young people. London, England: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchby, I. (2007). The discourse of child counselling. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchby, I., & Moran-Ellis, J. (Eds.) (1998). Children and social competence: Arenas of social action. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchby, I., & O’Reilly, M. (2010). Children’s participation and familial moral order in family therapy. Discourse Studies, 12(1), 49–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminer, D., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. J. (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children. World Psychiatry, 4(2), 121–125.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lamerichs, J., Koelen, M., & te Molder, H. (2009). Turning adolescents into analysts of their own discourse: Raising reflexive awareness of everyday talk to develop peer-based health activities. Qualitative Health Research, 19(8), 1162–1175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamerichs, J., & te Molder, H. (2011). Reflecting on your own talk: The discursive action method at work. In C. Antaki (Ed.), Applied conversation analysis: Intervention and change in institutional talk (pp. 184–206). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landqvist, H. (2005). Constructing and negotiating advice in calls to a poison information center. In C. D. Baker, M. Emmison, & A. Firth (Eds.), Calling for help: Language and social interaction in telephone helplines (pp. 207–234). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Leppanen, V. (2005). Caller’s presentations of problems in telephone calls to Swedish primary care. In C. D. Baker, M. Emmison, & A. Firth (Eds.), Calling for help: Language and social interaction in telephone helplines (pp. 177–205). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mayes, C. (2009). ‘The psychoanalytic view of teaching and learning, 1922–2002’. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 41(4), 539–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2005). Post-traumatic stress disorder. The management of PTSD in adults and children in primary and secondary care. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, London: BPS Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, P. (2012). Applied theatre: Aesthetic pedagogies in a crumbling world. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, P. (2013). A teaspoon of light: Expressions of light and understanding through the voices of children in Christchurch. In B. Clark, A. Grey, & L. Terreni (Eds.), Kia Tipu Te Wairua Toi — Fostering the creative spirit: Arts in early childhood education (pp. 79–86). Wellington: Person.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Reilly, M. (2008). What value is there in children’s talk? Investigating family therapists’ interruptions of parents and children during the therapeutic process. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 507–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osvaldsson, K. (2011). Bullying in context: Stories of bullying on an internet discussion board. Children & Society, 25, 317–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Petriwskyj, A. (2013). Reflections on talk about natural disasters by early childhood educators and directors. Australian Journal of Communication, 40(1), 87–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Potter, J., & Hepburn, A. (2003). ‘I’m a bit concerned’ — Early actions and psychological constructions in a child protection helpline. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 36(3), 197–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prendiville, E. (2014). Abreaction. In C. Schaefer & A. Drewes (Eds.), The therapeutic powers of play: 20 Core agents of change. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prinstein, M. J., La Greca, A. M., Vernberg, E. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1996). Children’s coping assistance: How parents, teachers, and friends help children cope after a natural disaster. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 25, 463–475.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pudlinski, C. (2002). Accepting and rejecting advice as competent peers: Caller dilemmas on a warm line. Discourse Studies, 4(4), 481–500.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, G., & Zimmerman, D. H. (2007). Rights and responsibilities in calls for help: The case of the mountain glade fire. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 40(1), 33–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruf, M., Schauer, M., Neuner, F., Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Elbert, T. (2010). Narrative exposure therapy for 7- to 16-year-olds: A randomized controlled trial with traumatized refugee children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(4), 437–445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1972). An initial investigation of the usability of conversational data for doing sociology. In D. Sudnow (Ed.), Studies in social interaction (pp. 31–74). New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H. (1992). Lectures on conversation. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1974). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking in conversation. Language, 50(4), 696–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shalem, Y., & Bensusan, D. (1999). Why we can’t stop believing? In S. Appel (Ed.), Psychoanalysis and pedagogy (pp. 27–43). Westport: Bergin and Garvey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, R., & Kitzinger, C. (2007). Memory in interaction: An analysis of repeat calls to a home birth helpline. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 40(1), 117–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, D. (1998). Harvey Sacks: Social science and conversation analysis. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soles, T., Bloom, E., Health, N., & Kargiannakis, A. (2009). An exploration of teachers’ current perceptions of children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 13(4), 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stivers, T., & Robinson, J. (2006). A preference for progressivity in interaction. Language in Society, 35(3), 367–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stokoe, E., & Hepburn, A. (2005). ‘You can hear a lot through the walls’: Noise formulations in neighbour complaints. Discourse & Society, 16(5), 647–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • te Molder, H. (2005). ‘I just want to hear somebody right now’: Managing identities on a telephone helpline. In C. D. Baker, M. Emmison, & A. Firth (Eds.), Calling for help: language and social interaction in telephone helplines (pp. 153–173). Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Terr, L. (2003). Wild child: How three principles of healing organised 12 years of psychotherapy. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42(12), 1401–1909.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakin, M. A., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1999). Reducation and specialization in emergency and directory assistance calls. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 32(4), 409–437.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. R. (1981). Conversational and organisational uses of proper names: An aspect of counsellor-client interaction. In P. Atkinson & C. Heath (Eds.), Medical work: realities and routines (pp. 91–106). Farnborough: Gower.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, D. R. (1986). Doing the organization’s work: An examination of aspects of the operation of a crisis intervention centre. In S. Fisher & A. D. Todd (Eds.), Discourse and institutional authority: Medicine, education and law. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, J., & Zimmerman, D. H. (1998). Observations on the display and management of emotion in naturally occurring activities: The case of ‘hysteria’ in calls to 9–1-1. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 141–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1992). The ICD–10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, D. H. (1992). Achieving context: Openings in emergency calls. In G. Watson & R. M. Seiler (Eds.), Text in context: Contributions to ethnomethodology (pp. 35–51). Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

Recommended reading

  • • Bateman, A., Danby, S., & Howard, J. (2013a). Everyday preschool talk about Christchurch earthquakes. Australia Journal of Communication — Special Issue: Disaster Talk, 40(1), 103–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • • Danby, S., Butler, C. W., & Emmison, M. (2011). ‘Have you talked with a teacher yet?’: How helpline counsellors support young callers being bullied at school. Children & Society, 25(4), 328–339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • • Edwards, D., & Potter, J. (1993). Language and causation: A discursive action model of description and attribution. Psychological Review, 100(1), 23–41, doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.1.23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • • Hutchby, I. (2007). The discourse of child counselling. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • • Lamerichs, J., Koelen, M., & te Molder, H. (2009). Turning adolescents into analysts of their own discourse: Raising reflexive awareness of everyday talk to develop peer-based health activities. Qualitative Health Research, 19(8), 1162–1175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 Amanda Bateman, Susan Danby, and Justine Howard

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bateman, A., Danby, S., Howard, J. (2015). Using Conversation Analysis for Understanding Children’s Talk about Traumatic Events. In: O’Reilly, M., Lester, J.N. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Child Mental Health. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137428318_22

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics