Abstract
The rule of law is a concept open to varying interpretations. Nevertheless, it can be categorized by two main definitions: (1) the definition based on the ends that the rule of law is intended to serve within society, such as upholding law and order and providing efficient and predictable judgment; and (2) the definition based on institutional attributes that can actualize the rule of law, such as comprehensive sets of laws, trained law-enforcement agencies and a well-functioning court system.1 The ends-based definition of the rule of law is composed of five elements: a government bound by law, equality before the law, law and order, efficient and predictable rulings and human rights. The institutional attributes like publicly known laws, noncorrupt police force and operative courts can lead directly to the improvement in the ends of the rule of law. Conversely, “poorly devised reforms of rule-of-law institutions can undermine rule-of-law ends.”2 The rule of law, according to E. P. Thompson, is “an unqualified, universal good.”3 It is a “universal good” in the sense of limiting the power of the government. The rule of law “will protect the community from government oppression.”4 The second indispensable element of the rule of law, apart from its universality nature, is formal legality, which is not only essential in preventing the government from coercing persons or property but also “valuable in providing security and predictability of transactions” among strangers and among members of different communities.
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Notes
Rachel Kleinfeld Belton, Competing Definitions of the Rule of Law: Implications for Practitioners (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005), p. 3.
E. P. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters: The Origin of the Black Act (New York: Pantheon Books, 1975), p. 265, cited in Brian Z. Tamanaha, On the Rule of Law: History, Politics, Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 137.
Richard Cullen’s interpretation of Albert Venn Dicey’s concept of the rule of law, see Richard Cullen, The Rule of Law in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Civic Exchange, July 2005), p. 4.
Benny Tai, “Judicial Autonomy in Hong Kong,” in Yep, Ray, ed. Negotiating Autonomy in Greater China: Hong Kong and its Sovereign Before and After 1997 (Copenhagen: NIPA Press, 2013).
Also see Danny Gittings, Introduction to the Hong Kong Basic Law (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2013).
Byron Weng, “Judicial Independence under the Basic Law,” in Tsang, Steve, ed. Judicial Independence and the Rule of Law in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001), p. 50.
Martin L. Friedland, A Place Apart: Judicial Independence and Accountability in Canada (Ottawa: Canadian Judicial Council, 1995), pp. 1–19.
Adam Dodek and Lorne Sossin, eds., Judicial Independence in Context (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2010), pp. 4–5.
Martine Valois, Judicial Independence: Keeping Law at a Distance from Politics (Markham: LexisNexis, 2013), pp. 240–244.
Simon Young and Yash Ghai, Hong Kong’s Court of Final Appeal: The Development of the Law in China’s Hong Kong (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 227.
Simon Young and A. M. Da Roza, Judges and Judging in the Court of Final Appeal: A Statistical Picture (Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper, No. 1, 2011).
Hu Jinguang and Zhu Shihai, “The Separation of Powers of the Executive-Led System and the Characteristics of the Polity of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,” Journal of Henan Academy of Political and Legal Management of Cadres (in Chinese), vol. 119, no. 2 (2010), pp. 39–40.
Deng Xiaoping, Deng Xiaoping on the Question of Hong Kong (Beijing: New Horizon Press, 1993).
For details, see Sonny Shiu-Hing Lo, The Dynamics of Beijing-Hong Kong Relations: A Model for Taiwan? (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008), pp. 84–85.
Eric Cheung Tat-ming, “Undermining Our Judicial Independence and Autonomy,” Hong Kong Law Journal, vol. 41, Part 2 (2011), pp. 411–419.
Randall Peerenboom, ed., Judicial Independence in China: Lessons for Global Rule of Law Promotion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
Albert Chen, An Introduction to the Legal System of the People’s Republic of China (Hong Kong: LexisNexis, 2011), p. 200.
Jiang Shigang, “Written and Unwritten Constitutions: A New Approach to the Study of Constitutional Government in China,” Modern China, vol. 36, no. 1 (2010), pp. 27–28.
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Lo, S. (2015). The Dual Development of Rule of Law and Judicial Independence. In: Hong Kong’s Indigenous Democracy. The Theories, Concepts and Practices of Democracy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137397140_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137397140_3
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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