Abstract
The large body of petitions that survives in the Breadalbane papers was the result of tight managerial structures on an estate which underwent two major changes within a generation. One was a reorganisation of the eastern part in the interests of agricultural ‘improvement’, the other a drive to recruit troops for the defence of the realm during the French Revolutionary Wars. Both produced a flood of petitions, which cast light not only on relations that the owner and his deputies had with those who worked the land, but also on the dynamics of family and community life along the Highland margin. This chapter focuses mostly on petitions from the quarter century after 1770, but it also compares them with the letters that owners received in the mid nineteenth century, better to understand the changing nature of petitioning that took place in the decades after 1800.
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Notes
D. Campbell, Reminiscences and reflections of an octogenarian highlander (Inverness, 1910), 303.
W. Marshall, General view of the agriculture of the central highlands of Scotland (London, 1794), 33. C. Innes, Lectures on Scotch legal antiquities (Edinburgh, 1872), 266–7.
M.M. McArthur (ed.), Survey of Lochtayside, 1769 Scottish History Society, 3rd series 27 (Edinburgh, 1936), xxxvi–viii.
Marshall, General view of … the central highlands, 33–4. M. Gray, The Highland economy, 1750–1850 (Edinburgh, 1957), 23.
McArthur (ed.), Survey of Lochtayside, 1769 Scottish History Society, 3rd series 27 (Edinburgh, 1936), xvii.
W.A. Gillies, In famed Breadalbane. The story of the antiquities, lands, and people of a Highland district (Perth, 1938), 187–9.
J.M. Bumsted, The people’s clearance: Highland emigration to North America (Edinburgh, 1982). 33. Gray, Highland economy, 68.
T. Pennant, A tour in Scotland, 1769 (1771. Edinburgh, 2000), 63–5.
I.D. Grant, ‘Landlords and land management in north-eastern Scotland, 1750–1850’, (Edinburgh University Ph.D. thesis, 1978), vol. 1, 76.
On the Gordon estates it came in 1738 when leases began to stipulate need for the factor’s approval, along with a provision that no more than eight acres or a quarter of the farm could be let to one man. V. Gaffney, The lordship of Strathavon: Tomintoul under the Gordons (Aberdeen, 1960), 169.
Glenure also had serious political differences with Breadalbane. R.A.A. McGeachy, Argyll, 1730–1850: commerce, community and culture (Edinburgh, 2005). Elsewhere there are examples of landowners protecting tenants, as when the Malcolms of Poltalloch (Argyllshire) prosecuted tacksmen for abrogating their responsibilities to sub-tenants. I owe this point to Allan MacInnes.
W. Marshall, The rural economy of the southern counties 2 vols (London, 1798), vol. 2, 153, 197.
K. Tribe, Land, labour and economic discourse (London, 1978), 59.
A. MacKillop, ‘More Fruitful than the Soil’: army, empire and the Scottish Highlands, 1715–1815 (East Linton, 2000).
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L. Colley, Captives: Britain, empire and the world, 1600–1850 (London, 2003), 117–130.
NAS GD112/11/2/5/35 (1793). GD112/11/2/5/42 (1793). See M. Goldie, ‘The unacknowledged republic: officeholding in early modern England’, in T. Harris (ed.), The politics of the excluded, c. 1500–1850 (Basingstoke, 2001), 169–70, for contemporary discussion of militia membership and public service more generally.
Achallader favoured those who gave him or his sons recruits for the wars of the 1770s: part of his unpopularity stemmed from the underhand and manipulative way he went about this. E. Richards, A history of the Highland clearances: agrarian transformation and the evictions, 1746–1886 (London, 1982), 153. For the operation of this exchange on another estate see Gaffney, Lordship of Strathavon, 97–130.
P.L. Larson, Conflict and compromise in the late medieval countryside: lords and peasants in Durham, 1349–1400 (London, 2006), 232.
NAS GD112/11/3/1/10 (1793). Gillies, Breadalbane, 203. M. McLean, The people of Glengarry: highlanders in transition, 1745–1820 (London, 1991), 131–3. McGeachy, Argyll, 1730–1850, 234.
T.M. Devine, Clearance and improvement: land, power and people in Scotland, 1700–1900 (Edinburgh, 2006). 104. NAS GD112/11/2/5/21 (1793).
R. Alister, Extermination of the Scottish peasantry: being a reply to a letter from the most noble the marquess of Breadalbane … (Edinburgh, 1853), 3–4.
Men predominated among all estate tenants. For example, they made up 84 per cent of the tenants on the Bute estates of south-east Wales, 1800–86. J. Davies, Cardiff and the marquesses of Bute (Cardiff, 1981), 158.
J. Daybell, ‘Scripting a female voice: women’s epistolatory rhetoric in sixteenth-century letters of petition’, Women’s Writing 13 (2006), 15.
A. Thorne, ‘Women’s petitionary letters and early seventeenth-century treason trials’, Women’s Writing 13, 1 (2006).
D.P. Thomson, Lady Glenorchy and her churches — the story of two hundred years (Crieff, 1967). For examples of her good works see NAS GD112/11/1/2/39 (1777). GD112/11/2/3/83 (1791).
R.A. Dodgshon, From chiefs to landlords: social and economic change in the western Highlands and Islands, c. 1493–1820 (Edinburgh, 1998), 240, 247.
NAS GD112/11/1/1/3 (1721). J. Styles, The dress of the people: everyday fashion in eighteenth-century England (London, 2007), 247–301.
E. Burt, Letters from a gentleman in the north of Scotland to his friend in London … 2 vols (1754. London, 1815), vol. 2, 140–2. J.L. Buchanan, Travels in the western Hebrides from 1782 to 1790 (1793. Waternish, 1997), 75–6.
C. Innes, Sketches of early Scotch history and social progress (Edinburgh, 1861), 366–72.
F.F. Mackay (ed.), MacNeill of Carskey: his estate journal, 1703–43 (Edinburgh, 1955), 33, 61, 62–3, 65. On ancient Welsh fosterage see
T.G. Jones, Welsh folklore and folk-custom (London, 1930), 199–200. On medieval Irish see
F. Fitzsimons, ‘Fosterage and gossiprid in late medieval Ireland: some new evidence’, in P.J. Duffy, D. Edwards and E. Fitzpatrick (eds), Gaelic Ireland, c. 1250–c.1650: land, lordship and settlement (Dublin, 2001), 138–49.
C. Tait, ‘Safely delivered: childbirth, wet- nursing, gossip feasts and churching in Ireland, c. 1530–1690s’, Irish Economic & Social History 30 (2003), 13–16. NAS GD112/11/3/2/3.
I. Carter, Farm life in north-east Scotland, 1840–1914: the poor man’s country (Edinburgh, 1979), 5.
Evans, Social life in Anglesey, 173–4. P.J.P. Goldberg, ‘What was a servant?’, in A. Curry and E. Matthews (eds.), Concepts and patterns of service in the later Middle Ages (Woodbridge, 2000), 1–20.
G. Hiller, Your obedient servant: the history of an historic Welsh estate (Llandysul, 2003), 118.
K. Wrightson, ‘The “decline of neighbourliness” revisited’, in D. Woolf and N.L. Jones (eds), Local identities in late medieval and early modern England (London, 2007), 26.
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T.M. Devine, The transformation of rural Scotland: social change and the agrarian economy, 1660–1815 (Edinburgh, 1994), 70.
Campbell, Reminiscences, 98. Christie, The lairds and lands of Loch Tayside (Aberfeldy, 1892), 66–70.
C. Muldrew, ‘“Hard food for Midas”: cash and its social value in early modern England’, Past & Present 170 (2001), 119.
A. MacKillop, ‘Highland estate change and tenant emigration’, in T.M. Devine and J.R. Young (eds.), Eighteenth century Scotland: new perspectives (East Linton, 1999), 239. Gray, Highland economy, 147.
Quoted in F.J. Shaw, The northern and western islands of Scotland: their economy and society in the seventeenth century (Edinburgh, 1980), 158. See also pp. 155–7.
Marshall, Landed property, 393. S.J. Connolly, Religion, law, and power: the making of Protestant Ireland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1992), 138–9, discusses the preference for partiality among Irish peasants.
Pace G.W.S. Barrow, The kingdom of the Scots. Government, church and society from the eleventh to the fourteenth century (London, 1973), 85–94.
R.A. Dodgshon, Land and society in early Scotland (Oxford, 1981), 97–8.
J. Goodare, The government of Scotland, 1560–1625 (Oxford, 2004), 249–50, 271, questions how far any fifteenth- or sixteenth-century legislation benefited the Scottish peasantry.
NAS GD112/11/1/3/14 (1785). GD112/11/1/6/35 (1788). I.D. Whyte, ‘Landlord-tenant relationships in Scotland from the sixteenth century to modern times’, in J. Beech et al. (eds), Scottish life and society: a compendium of Scottish ethnology. The individual and community life (Edinburgh, 2005), 344–5, 352. One Breadalbane tenant claimed thirlage had been abolished on the estate around 1770. NAS GD112/11/3/1/21 (1793).
G. Dodd, Justice and grace. Private petitioning and the English parliament in the middle ages (Oxford, 2007), 295–6.
E. Goffman, The presentation of the self in everyday life (1959. London, 1969), 2.
J.M. Beattie, ‘The royal pardon and criminal procedure in early modern England’, Historical Papers [Canada] (1987), 9–22. J. Oldham, ‘Truth-telling in the 18th-century English courtroom’, Law and History Review 12 (1994), 95–121.
NAS GD112/11/3/2/15 (1794). For an extended exposition of how one contemporary Perthshire landlord rationalised his dealings with tenants see A. Allardyce (ed.), Scotland and Scotsmen in the eighteenth century: from the MSS. of John Ramsay, esq. of Ochteryre 2 vols (London, 1888), vol. 2, 351–86.
NAS GD112/11/2/4/12 (1792, 1795). D. Dickson, Old world colony: Cork and South Munster, 1630–1830 (Cork, 2005), 327–8.
K. Marx, The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852. New York, 1963), 15.
M. Busteed, Castle Caldwell, County Fermanagh: life on a west Ulster estate, 1750–1850 (Dublin, 2006), 55. In NAS GD112/11/10/8a/25 (1843) the petitioner had read about Breadalbane in the papers.
As they did in the eighteenth century to prominent figures like Lady Spencer. D.T. Andrew, ‘Noblesse oblige: female charity in an age of sentiment’, in J. Brewer and S. Staves (eds), Early modern conceptions of property (London, 1995), 275–6, 283–4.
D.T. Andrew, ‘To the charitable and humane: appeals for assistance in the eighteenth-century London press’, in H. Cunningham and J. Innes (eds), Charity, philanthropy and reform (Basingstoke, 1998), 88–107.
J.A. Clyde (ed.), The Jus Feudale of Sir Thomas Craig of Riccarton … (Edinburgh, 1934), II.IX.4.
R. Burgess, Perpetuities in Scots law (Edinburgh, 1979), 24–48.
Richards, Highland clearances, 212. McGeachy, Argyll, 1730–1850, 266. J. Stewart, Settlements of western Perthshire: land and society north of the Highland line, 1480–1851 (Edinburgh, 1990), 182.
[J. Loch], An account of the improvements on the estate of Sutherland, belonging to the Marquis and Marchioness of Stafford (London, 1815). ODNB. A. Tindley, The Sutherland estate, 1850–1920: aristocratic decline, estate management and land reform (Edinburgh, 2010), 12–14. Argyll, Crofts and farms, 53–62.
E.P. Thompson, ‘Happy families’, New Society 41 (September 1977), reprinted in E.P. Thompson, Persons and polemics: historical essays (London, 1994), 309.
C.E. Searle, ‘Customary tenants and the enclosure of the Cumbrian commons’, Northern History 29 (1993), 151–2.
S.M.S. Pearsall, Atlantic families: lives and letters in the later eighteenth century (Oxford, 2008), 76.
G. Koziol, Begging pardon and favor: ritual and political order in early medieval France (London, 1992), 26, 45, 47. This French comparison is valuable not least because influential early texts like Fulwood’s Enimie of idlenesse were translations from
French. J. Robertson, The art of letter writing: an essay on the handbooks published in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Liverpool, 1943), 13–17.
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Houston, R.A. (2014). The Highland margin of Scotland, c. 1770–1860. In: Peasant Petitions. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137394095_15
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