Abstract
Women have been instrumental in the development of Christianity in Africa although, unfortunately, the significance of what they have contributed has not been adequately recognized by either the church or wider society. This study aims to assist in rectifying this situation by bringing to the fore the role played by women in the development of Christianity in Calabar in the twentieth century.
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Notes
Rosalind J. Hackett, Religion in Calabar: Religious Life and History of a Nigerian Town (New York: Mouton De Gruyter, 1989), pp. 219 and 364.
D. O. Akintunde, “Women and Politics of Change,” in D. O. Ogungbile and A. E. Akinade (eds.), Creativity and Change in Nigerian History (Lagos. Malthouse Press Lim, 2010), p. 145.
M. Ogundipe, Indigenous and Contemporary Gender Concepts and Issues in Africa: Implications for Nigerians Development (Lagos: Malthouse Press Lim, 2007), p. 12. 4.
Ogbu Kalu, “Daughters of Ethiopia: Gender, Power and Poverty in African Christianity,” in O. Ogungbile and A. E. Akinade (eds.), Creativity and Change in Nigerian Christianity (Lagos: Malthous Press Lim, 2010), p. 49.
E. U. Aye, Old Calabar through the Centuries (Calabar: Hope Waddel Press, 1967), p. 16.
H. W. Turner, “Patterns of Ministry and Structure within Independent Churches,” in E. Fashole-Luke et al. (eds.), Christianity in Independent Africa (Ibadan: Ibadan University Press, 1978), p. 49.
E. O. Babalola, Christianity in West African. The Historical Analysis (Ibadan: Scholar, 1976), p. 159.
G. Ludwar Ene, “Spiritual Church Participation as a Survival Strategy Among Urban Migrant Women in Southern Nigeria,” in G. Ludwar-Ene (ed.), New Religious Movements and Society in Nigeria (Bayreuth: Eckhard Bretinger, 1991), p. 57.
Hackett, Religion in Calabar, p. 29; see also K. K. Nair, Politics and Society in South Eastern Nigeria (London: Frank Cass, 1973), p. 56.
Marja-Liisa Swantz, Women in Development, a Creative Role Denied? The Case of Tanzania (London: St. Martin’s Press, 1985), p. 149.
E. A. Offiong, “Leadership and Participation of Women in the Pentecostal Churches in Nigeria,” in SANKOFA—Journal of Humanities 2, 1 (January 2004): 135.
Rosemary Ruether, “Feminism in World Christianity,” in Arvind Sharma et al. (eds.), Feminism and World Religious (New York: New York Press, 1999), p. 125.
M. Faulkner, Women’s Spirituality (Indianapolis: Marie Butler Knight, 2002), p. 16.
Rosalind J. Hackett, “Women as Leaders and Participants in the Spiritual Churches,” in R. I. J. Hackett, (ed.), New Religious Movements in Nigeria (Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1987), pp. 191–199.
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© 2014 R. Drew Smith, William Ackah, and Anthony G. Reddie
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Offiong, E.E. (2014). The Changing Roles of Women in the Church: A Case Study of Women in Calabar, Nigeria, 1900–2000. In: Smith, R.D., Ackah, W., Reddie, A.G. (eds) Churches, Blackness, and Contested Multiculturalism. Black Religion / Womanist Thought / Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137386380_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137386380_4
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