Abstract
As the 30th anniversary of both the United Nations Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power and the first version of the Declaration on Victims’ Rights in Australia approaches, it is difficult to imagine that just over three decades ago crime victims were often cited as the ‘forgotten’ or ‘neglected’ people in the criminal justice system. Over these past few decades, as this chapter will illustrate, interest in and concern for crime victims have steadily grown. Notably between the mid-1980s and the late 1990s many inquiries, discussion papers and the like were conducted throughout Australia, which resulted in legislative and administrative reforms and the establishment of victim assistance programmes. As this chapter will reveal, some of the reforms and programmes which were intended to improve the position of crime victims have been controversial.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Acts of Parliament
Bail Act 1985 (SA)
Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1967 (NSW), repealed
Criminal Injuries Compensation Act 1969 (SA), repealed
Criminal Law Consolidation Act 1935 (SA)
The Evolution of Victims’ Rights 269
Criminal Law (Sentencing) Act 1988 (SA)
Criminal Offence Victims Act 1995 (QLD), repealed
Victims Charter Act 2006 (Vic)
Victims of Crime Act 1994 (ACT)
Victims of Crime Act 1994 (WA)
Victims of Crime Act 2001 (SA)
Victims Rights Act 1996 (NSW), repealed
Victims Rights and Support Act 2013 (NSW)
Case law
R v Dowlan [1998] 1 VR 123
R v Dupas [2007] VSC 305
R v Harvey (No. 2) [2014] SASCFC 106
R v Marshall [2014] SASC 92
R v P (1991) 111 ALR 541
R v Steele (No. 2) [2012] SASC 162
Articles, chapters and texts
Aboriginal Family Violence Prevention and Legal Service (AFVPLS). 2010. Improving Accessibility of the Legal System for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Victims/Survivors of Family Violence and Sexual Assault. Policy Paper No. 3. Melbourne: AFVPLS. http://www.fvpls.org/images/files/FVPLS%20Policy%20 Paper%203.pdf.
ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation). 2007. Elder Admits in Court to Petrol for Sex. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007–07–11/elder-admits-in-court-to-petrol-for-sex/96292.
ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2013. Recorded Crime-Offenders, 2011–12, 4519.0. Canberra, Australia: ABS. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ Lookup/4519.0Main+Features12011–12?OpenDocument.
ACT Reference Group. 2006. Review of the Victim Services Scheme — Final Report. Canberra: Department of Justice ACT Government.
Attorney-General’s Department. 1988. An Integrated Approach to Victims of Crime, unpublished. Adelaide SA: Attorney-General’s Department.
Attorney-General’s Department (Victoria) 1991. Declaration of Rights — Victims of Crime, Pamphlet, June. Melbourne: Attorney-General’s Department, Community Services Victoria, Ministry of Police and Emergency Services and Office of Corrections.
Australian Law Reform Commission. 1987. Sentencing Procedure. Discussion Paper No. 29. Sydney: ALRC.
Australian Law Reform Commission. 1988. Sentencing. Report 44. Sydney: ALRC.
Barrett Meyering, I. 2010. Victim Compensation and Domestic Violence: A National Overview. Stakeholder Paper 8. Australian Domestic and Family Violence Clearinghouse, January.
Bluett-Boyd, N. and Fileborn, B. 2014. Victim/ Survivor-Focused Justice Responses and Reforms to Criminal Court Practice: Implementation, Current Practice and Future Directions. Research Report No. 27. Melbourne: Australia Institute of Family Studies.
Booth, T. 2005. Restoring Victims’ Voices: Victim Impact Statements in the Sentencing Process. Reform 86, pp. 59–62.
Braithwaite, J. 1998. Restorative Justice. In: Tonry, M. ed. The Handbook of Crime and Punishment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 323–344.
Braithwaite, J. 2002. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cannon, A. 2012. The Victim is not the Person on Trial: Adapting Common Law Processes to Respect Victims. Paper Presented at the Participatory Justice and Victims: Achieving Justice for Victims in Local, National and International Settings Conference, Australian National University, 17–18 September, Canberra.
Children in State Care Commission of Inquiry. 2008. Allegations of Sexual Abuse and Death from Criminal Conduct. Adelaide: Government Publishing SA.
Christie, N. 1986. The Ideal victim. In: Fattah, E. ed. From Crime Policy to Victim Policy. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 17–30.
Committee of Inquiry on Victims of Crime 1981. Report of the Committee of Inquiry on Victims of Crime, January. Adelaide: Government of South Australia.
Commonwealth Secretariat 2005. Statement of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
Cook, B., David, F. and Grant, A. 1999. Victims’ Needs, Victims’ Rights: Policies and Programs for Victims of Crime in Australia. Research and Public Policy Series No. 19. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
Crawford, A. 2000. Salient Themes Towards a Victim Perspective and the Limitations of Restorative Justice: Some Concluding Comments. In: Crawford, A. and Goodey, J. eds. Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice. Aldereshot: Ashgate, pp. 285–310.
Curtis, M. and Pankhurst, G. 2003. New South Wales: Phone-in Survey of Victims of Crime. Journal of the Australasian Society of Victimology 2(2), pp. 10–20.
Daly, K. 2003. Mind the Gap: Restorative Justice in Theory and Practice. In: von Hirsch, A. Roberts, J., Bottoms, A.E., Roach, K. and Schiff, M. eds. Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms? Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 219–236.
Dawson, M. and Zada, J. 1999. Victims of Crime: The Therapeutic Benefit of Receiving Compensation. Paper Presented to Australian and New Zealand Association of Psychiatry, Psychology and Law Annual Congress, Sydney.
Department of Justice. 2002. Report — Review of Services to Victims of Crime, February. Melbourne: Department of Justice, Government of Victoria.
Department of Justice. 2005. Victims’ Charter — Community Consultation Paper: Executive Summary. Melbourne: Department of Justice.
Department of Justice and Attorney-General. 1998. Review of the Criminal Offence Victims Act 1995 — Implementing the Fundamental Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime: Discussion paper. Brisbane: Department of Justice and Attorney-General.
Department of Justice and Community Safety. 2008. Review of the ACT Victims of Crime Act 1994, Department of Justice and Community Safety, Australian Capital Territory.
Douglas, R. and Laster, K. 1994. Victim Information and the Criminal Justice System: Adversarial or Technocratic Reform? June. Bundoora: School of Law and Legal Studies, La Trobe University.
Elias, R. 1983. Victims of the System: Crime Victims and Compensation in American Politics and Criminal Justice. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Erez, E. 1994. Victim Participation in Sentencing: And the Debate goes on. International Review of Victimology 3(1–2), pp. 17.
Erez, E., Roeger, L. and Morgan, F. 1994. Victim Impact Statements in South Australia: An Evaluation. Series C, No. 6, August. Adelaide: Office of Crime Statistics, Attorney-General’s Department SA.
Erez, E., Roeger, L. and O’Connell, M. 1996. Victim Impact Statements: South Australia. In: Sumner, C., Israel, M., O’Connell, M. and Sarre, R. eds. International Victimology: Selected Papers from the8th International Symposium, Proceedings of a Symposium held 21–26 August 1994. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 206–216. http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publi-cations/proceedings/27/erez.pdf.
Flynn, A. 2012. Bargaining with Justice: Victims, Plea Bargaining and the Victims’ Charter Act 2006 (Vic). Monash University Law Review 37(3), pp. 73–96.
Forster, C. 2002. The Failure of Criminal Injuries Compensation Schemes for Victims of Intra-familial Abuse: The Example of Queensland. Torts Law Journal 10(2), pp. 143–166.
Freckelton, I. 1997. A New Victim Rhetoric in Victoria. Alternative Law Journal 22(6), pp. 302–303.
Freckelton, I. 2003. Compensation for victims of crime: Health and financial considerations. Paper Presented at the XIth International Symposium on Victimology, 13–18 July, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Fry, M. 1959. Justice for Victims. Journal of Public Law 8, pp. 191–194.
Gardner, J. 1989. Victims’ Satisfaction with the Criminal Justice System. Paper Presented at the Fifth Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology, July (unpublished).
Gardner, J. 1990. Victims and Criminal Justice. Series C, No. 5. Adelaide SA: Attorney-General’s Department.
Garkawe, S. 1999. Restorative Justice from the Perspective of Victims of Crime. Queensland University of Technology Law Journal 15, pp. 40–56.
Garkawe, S. 2006. The Effect of Victim Impact Statements on Sentencing Decisions. Paper Presented at the Sentencing: Principles, Perspectives and Possibilities conference convened by the National Judicial College, 10–12 February, Canberra.
Grabosky, P. 1989. Victims of Violence. Monograph No. 2. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
Graycar, A. 1999. New Research on Victims of Crime in Australia — Victims’ Needs, Victims’ Rights — An Australian Institute of Criminology Report. Paper Presented at the Restoration for Victims of Crime Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology in Conjunction with Victims Referral and Assistance Service and held in Melbourne, Australia, September. ttp://aic.gov.au/media_library/conferences/rvc/graycar2.pdf.
Griffin, T. 2000. Righting the Wrong — Minimising the Risk: A review of Victims’ Rights and Services in South Australia with Special Reference to Preventing Victimisation . Journal of the Australasian Society of Victimology 2(2), pp. 6–37.
Harding, R. 1994. Victimisation, Moral Panics and the Distortion of Criminal Justice Policy: A Review Essay of Ezzat Fattah’s “Towards a Critical Victimology”. Current Issues in Criminal Justice 6(1), pp. 27–42.
Hayes, H. 2006. Apologies and Accounts in Youth Justice Conferences: Reinterpreting Research Outcomes. Contemporary Justice Review 9(4), pp. 369–385
Holder, R. 1999. Victims of Crime (Financial Assistance) Bill 1998 — Submission to the Standing Committee on Justice and Community Safety. Canberra: ACT Victims of Crime Coordinator.
Holder, R. 2002. Band Aid or Big Stick: Legislation as a Means of Changing Criminal Justice Responses to Victims of Crime. Paper Presented at the Empowerment after Trauma National Conference, Brisbane, Queensland, May.
Holder, R. 2008. Victim Support in Australia — A Road Map for the Future. Paper Presented at the National Victims of Crime Conference, Adelaide, September.
Holder, R. 2014. Satisfied? Exploring Victims’ Justice Judgements RegNet Working Paper, No. 28. Canberra: Regulatory Institutions Network.
INTERVICT. 2014. Implementing the UN Declaration — A Joint Project between INTERVICT and the World Society of Victimology. INTERVICT, Tilburg University, Netherlands. http://www.tilburguniversity.edu/research/institutes-and-research-groups/intervict/research/current/finalized/undeclaration.
Joint Select Committee on Victims Compensation. 1997a. First Interim Report: Alternative Methods of Providing for the Needs of Victims of Crime, May. Sydney: Parliament of NSW.
Joint Select Committee on Victims Compensation. 1997b. Report of the Study Tour of Interstate and Overseas Jurisdictions, October. Sydney: Parliament of NSW.
Joint Select Committee on Victims Compensation. 1997c. Second Interim Report: The Long Term Financial Viability of the Victims Compensation Fund, December. Sydney: Parliament of NSW.
Joint Select Committee on Victims Compensation. 2000. Report: Ongoing Issues Concerning the NSW Victims Compensation Scheme, February. Sydney: Parliament of NSW.
Jones, C. and Mawby, R.I. 2003. Meeting the Needs of Tourist Victims. Unpublished Paper Presented at the XIth International Symposium on Victimology, 13–18 July 2003, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Jurevic, L. 1996. Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Women Victims of Domestic Violence and the Western Australian Criminal Injuries Compensation Act. Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law 3(2), http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n2/jurevic.html.
Justice Strategy Unit (JSU). 1999. Review on Victims of Crime — Report One. Adelaide: Justice Strategy Unit, Attorney-General’s Department.
Justice Strategy Unit (JSU). 2000a. Review on Victims of Crime — Report Two. Adelaide: Justice Strategy Unit, Attorney-General’s Department.
Justice Strategy Unit (JSU). 2000b. Review on Victims of Crime — Report Three: Criminal Injuries Compensation. Adelaide: Justice Strategy Unit, Attorney-General’s Department.
Keating, N. 2001. Review of Services to Victims of Crime and Crown Witnesses provided by the Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions — Report, June. Perth: Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions for Western Australia.
Kirchengast, T. 2011. The Integration of Lawyers into the Adversarial Trial. In: Lee, M., Mason, G. and Milivojeic, S. eds. Proceedings of the 4th Annual Australian and New Zealand Critical Criminology Conference. Sydney: Institute of Criminology, Sydney Law School, University of Sydney, NSW, 1–2 July 2010, pp. 1–6.
Kirchengast, T. 2013. Victim Lawyers, Victim Advocates and the Adversarial Criminal Trial. New Criminal Law Review: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal 16(4), pp. 568–594.
Lantz, S and D’Arcy, M. 2000. Falling Short: The State of Crimes Compensation in Victoria. Women Against Violence 8, pp. 74–76.
Law Reform Commission of the ACT. 1993. Victims of Crime. Canberra: ACT Law Reform Commission.
Laxminarayan, M.S. 2012. The Heterogeneity of Crime Victims: Variations in Procedural and Outcome Preferences. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers.
Leader-Elliott, I. 2006. Guilt and Punishment: Victims and Victim Impact Statements in Sentencing, August. Adelaide: School of Law, University of Adelaide.
Legal and Constitutional Committee 1987. Report to Parliament upon Support Services for Victims of Crime. Melbourne: Parliament of Victoria.
Mansell, A. and Indermaur, D. 1997. Evaluation of the Use of Victim Impact Statements in Western Australia. Paper Presented at the 9th International Symposium on Victimology, Amsterdam, 25–29 August.
Maxwell, G. and Hayes, H. 2006. Restorative Justice Developments in the Pacific Region. Contemporary Justice Review 9(2), pp. 127–154.
Murphy, B. (1989). Victim Impact Statements: The South Australian Experience. Darwin: Research and Development Unit, Northern Territory Police.
National Committee on Violence. 1990. Violence: Directions for Australia. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
National Council to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children. 2009. Time for Action: The National Council’s Plan for Australia to Reduce Violence against Women and their Children, 2009–2021(Time for Action). Canberra: Australian Government.
National Justice CEOs Group. 2011. National Guidelines or Principles for Restorative Justice Programs and Processes for Criminal Matters: Discussion Paper. Sydney: National Justice CEOs Group.
New South Wales Task Force on Services for Victims of Crime. 1987. Report and Recommendations. Sydney: NSW Task Force on Services for Victims of Crime.
New South Wales Victim Services. 2004. Review of New South Wales Victims Support and Rehabilitation Act1996 and the Victims Rights Act1996. Sydney: Attorney-General’s Department NSW.
O’Connell, M. 2000. SA Victims of Crime Review. In: O’Connell, M. ed. Victims of Crime: Working together to improve services. Adelaide: South Australian Institute of Justice Studies, pp. 121–148.
O’Connell, M. 2005. Victimology. In: Sarre, R. and Tomaino, J. eds. Key Issues in Criminal Justice. Adelaide: Australian Humanities Press, pp. 192–241.
O’Connell, M. 2006. Evolving Mechanisms for Engaging Victims in the Sentencing Process: Should Victims have a Stronger Voice? Paper Presented at the Sentencing: Principles, Perspectives and Possibilities Conference, Canberra ACT, 10–12 February.
O’Connell, M. 2008. Providing the Proper Role for Victims of Crime — The Australian Government’s Obligations to Treat Victims of Crime Fairly. Paper Presented at the New Voices — New Visions — New Directions, Federal Criminal Justice Forum, Canberra (Only the abstract published).
O’Connell, M. 2009a. Victims in International Law: The International Criminal Court. Paper presented At the International Criminal Courts and Tribunals — the Law @ Work, A Red Cross International Humanitarian Law Evening Seminar, Adelaide, 12 May.
O’Connell, M. 2009b. Victims in the Sentencing Process: Judges and Magistrates Give their Verdict. International Perspectives on Victimology 4(1), pp. 50–57.
O’Connell, M. 2010. To Do the Victim Justice Requires More than Kindness — A Case for Greater Victim Participation in Criminal Justice. Unpublished Paper Presented at the National Victim Conference, Hobart, Tasmania, November.
O’Connell, M. 2012. Financial Assistance for Australian Victims of Overseas Terrorism. Submission to the Security Law Branch, Attorney-General’s Department, Australian Capital Territory.
O’Connell, M. 2013. Legal Representation for Victims of Crime — Fairer Justice. Paper Presented at the National Victims of Crime Conference, and Homicide Symposium, Adelaide, September. http://www.victimsa.org/files/michael-ocon-nell-conference-paper.pdf.
O’Connell, M. and Fletcher, S. In press. To pay or not to pay: Revisiting the Rationale for State-Funded Compensation for Crime Victims — An Australian Perspective In: Tolfenson, T. ed. Victimological Advances in Theory, Policy and Services — Festschrift in Honour of Prof Dr John Dussich. Mito: Tokiwa University.
O’Connell, M. and Hayes, H. 2012. Victims, Criminal Justice and Restorative Justice. In: Hayes, H. and Prenzler, T. eds. An Introduction to Crime and Criminology. 3rd ed. Frenchs Forest: Pearson Prentice Hall, pp. 325–342.
Office of Crime Statistics. 1989. Criminal Injuries Compensation in South Australia. Series B, No. 5. Adelaide: Attorney-General’s Department.
Office of Crime Statistics and Research. 2000. Crime and Justice in South Australia — Juvenile Justice. Adelaide: Australia: Office of Crime Statistics and Research. http://www.ocsar.sa.gov.au/docs/crime_justice/JJ_Text2000.pdf.
Office of Crime Statistics and Research. 2005. Juvenile Justice in South Australia: Where are We Now? Information Bulletin, (40). http://www.ocsar.sa.gov.au/ docs/information_bulletins/IB40.pdf.
Office of the Director of Public Prosecutions. 2000. Victims of Crime Survey 1999/2000 — Report on Survey Responses, November. Perth: Government of Western Australia.
Paterson, A. 1990. Services for Victims of Crime and Crime Prevention Programmes in Europe and the United Kingdom. Adelaide SA: Victims of Crime Service Inc.
Paterson, A. 1996. Preventing Revictimisation: The South Australian Experience. In Sumner, C., Israel, M., O’Connell, M. and Sarre, R. (eds) International Victimology: Selected Papers from the 8th International Symposium, Proceedings of a Symposium held 21–26 August 1994. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, pp. 227–231. http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/ proceedings/27/paterson.pdf.
Queensland Government. 2014. Victims and Witnesses of Crime. Home Page for Victim Assist Queensland. http://www.qld.gov.au/law/crime-and-police/ victims-and-witnesses-of-crime.
Redmond, Hon. I. 2007. Victims of Crime (Commissioner for Victims’ Rights) Amendment Bill, Second Reading Speech, House of Assembly, Hansard, 12 September.
Reeves, H. and Mulley, K. 2000. The New Status of Victims in the UK, Opportunities and Threats. In: Crawford, A. and Goodey, J. eds. Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice. Aldereshot: Ashgate, pp. 125–145.
Ross, S., Lawrence, J., Holder, R., Politis, A. and Graham, J. 2009. Fairness and Equity for Victims of Crime: What do they Want and Why don’t they get it? Final Report, ARC Discovery Project DP0665417, December. Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
Sallman, P.A. and Chappell, D. 1982. Rape Law Reform in South Australia, Adelaide Law Review Research Paper No. 3. Adelaide: Adelaide Faculty of Law, University of Adelaide.
Scutt, J. 1982. An Invasion of Privacy? Questioning Victims of Sexual Harassment and Domestic Violence. In: Beed, T. and Grabosky, P. eds. Search Conference on Victim Surveys in Australia, OCC Paper No. 3. Sydney: Sample Survey Centre, University of Sydney.
Scutt, J. 1983. Even in the Best of Homes. Melbourne: Penguin.
Social Systems and Evaluation. 1997. A Review of the Operations and Effectiveness of the Victims of Crime Act. Perth: Ministry of Justice, Western Australia.
State of Queensland. 2009. Victims of Crime Assistance Bill — Explanatory Notes. Brisbane: Parliament of Queensland. http://rti.cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2009/aug/victims%20of%20crime%20assistance%20bill/Attach-ments/VictimsCrAssB09%20Exp%20Notes.pdf.
Strang, H. 2002. Repair or Revenge: Victims and Restorative Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Strang, H., Barnes, G., Braithwaite, J. and Sherman, L. 1999. Experiments in Restorative Policing: A Progress Report on the Canberra Re-integrative Shaming Experiments. Australian Federal Police and Australian National University, Canberra
Sumner, C. 1985. Statutes Amendment (Victims of Crime) Bill: Second Reading Speech. Hansard, 29 October. Adelaide: Parliament of South Australia, reprinted, pp. 1–8.
Sumner, C. 1991. Victim Assistance in South Australia. Paper Presented at the International Workshop on Victimology and Victims’ Rights, Faculty of Law, Thammasat University, Bangkok, 3 April.
Symons, S. 2013. Independent Legal Representation for Victims Of Sexual Assault: Consideration of a Proposed Amendment to the Victims of Crime Act 2001 (SA). Research Paper Submitted at School of Law, University of South Australia (unpublished).
Toole, K. 2014. Lawyers for Victims of Crime won’t Guarantee Better Results. The Conversation, 20 June. http://theconversation.com/lawyers-for-victims-of-crime-wont-guarantee-better-results-27629.
Trimboli, L. 2007. An Evaluation of the New South Wales Community Conferencing for Young Adults Pilot Program. Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Justice Statistics and Research.
United Nations. 1985. Declaration on Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. UN GA Res. 40/34.
United Nations. 1989. ESCOR Res. 1989/57.
United Nations. 1990. Protection of the Human Rights of Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power. ESCOR Res. 1990/22.
United Nations. 2002. Basic Principles on the Use of Restorative Justice Programmes in Criminal Matters. Resolution 2002/12. New York: United Nations. www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/2002/resolution%202002–12.pdf.
Victim Services NSW. 2012. Review of NSW Victim Compensation Scheme: Issues Paper. Sydney: Victim Services NSW, Attorney-General’s Department.
Victim Support Agency. 2009. A Victim’s Voice — Victim Impact Statements in Victoria: Findings of an Evaluation into the Effectiveness of Victim Impact Statements in Victoria, October. Melbourne: Department of Justice.
Victim Support UK. 2012. Is the Government ‘Getting it Right for Victims and Witnesses’? London: Victim Support UK. https://www.victimsupport.org.uk/sites/default/files/Getting%20it%20right%20for%20victims%20%26%20witnesses_VS%20initial%20response.pdf.
Victim Support Working Party. 1998. Victim Support in the ACT — Options for a Comprehensive Response, May. Canberra ACT: victims of crime coordinator.
Victoria Police. 2009. Annual Report 2008–09. Melbourne: Victoria Police. Victoria-Police-Annual-Report-2008–09.pdf.
Victorian Community Council against Violence. 1994. Victims of Crime: Inquiry into Services. Melbourne: Victorian Community Council against Violence.
Victorian Department of Justice. 2005 Victims’ Charter Community Consultation Paper. Victorian Department of Justice: Melbourne.
Victorian Sentencing Committee. 1988. Sentencing: Report of the Victorian Sentencing Committee. Melbourne VIC: Attorney-General’s Department.
VOCAL. 1989. Charter of Rights for Victims of Crime. The Vocal Voice. December, p. 15.
VOCAL. 1990. Declarations of Victims’ Rights and Statements of Principles. The Vocal Voice. March, pp. 9–13.
VRAS. 1998. Victims Referral and Assistance Service. Melbourne: Victims Referral and Assistance Service (VRAS), Attorney-General’s Department.
Wade, J. The Hon (Attorney-General). 1996. Victims of Crime Assistance Bill 1996 — Second Reading Speech, Hansard, Parliament of Victoria, 31 October.
Wardlaw, G. 1979. The Human Rights of Victims in the Criminal Justice System. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 12(3), pp. 145–152.
Warner, K. and Gawlick, J. 2003. Mandatory Compensation Orders for Crime Victims and the Rhetoric of Restorative Justice. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology 36(1), pp. 60–76.
Wemmers, J. and Cyr, K. 2006. What Fairness Means to Crime Victims: A Social Psychological Perspective. Applied Psychology in Criminal Justice 2(2), pp. 102–128. http://www.apcj.org/documents/2_2_fairness.pdf.
Western Australia Auditor General’s Report. 2012. Victim Support Service:Providing assistance to victims of crime — Report6. Perth: Government of Western Australia.
Whitney, K. 1997. The Criminal Injuries Compensation Acts: Do they Discriminate Against Female Victims of Violence? Southern Cross University Law Review 1, pp. 92–119.
Whitrod, R. 1986. Victim Participation in Criminal Proceedings: A Progress Report. Criminal Law Review 10(2), pp. 76–83.
Wilkie, M., Ferrante, A. and Susilo, N. 1992. The Experiences and Needs of Victims of Crime in Western Australia. Perth: Crime Research Centre, University of Western Australia.
Wilson, P., Lincoln, R. and Mustchin, M. 2001. Strategies to Integrate and Coordinate Victims of Crime Services: Report for Families, Youth and Community Care Queensland. Gold Coast: Centre for Applied Psychology and Criminology, Bond University.
Woodbery, J. 1989. A National Charter of Victims’ Rights: Minimising the Risk of Victimisation and Recognition of Victims’ Rights as Fundamental Tenets of Crime Prevention. Adelaide: Special Projects, South Australia Police.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2015 Michael O’Connell
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Connell, M. (2015). The Evolution of Victims’ Rights and Services in Australia. In: Wilson, D., Ross, S. (eds) Crime, Victims and Policy. Palgrave Studies in Victims and Victimology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137383938_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137383938_11
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-67794-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-38393-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Social Sciences CollectionSocial Sciences (R0)