Abstract
By the end of the twentieth century, the arsenal of entertainment revealed itself to be the culmination of an almost two-centuries-long process. The initial stages of this development began in the heady days of the Industrial Revolution when Great Britain (and later the United States) supplemented traditional deployments of military capability with the instruments of soft power. In the succeeding years, however, information and entertainment became a means of power projection in their own right, integrating themselves into a larger assemblage of global command and authority. Today, this vast and omnipotent apparatus of spectacle assumes much of the responsibility to enforce daily imperial discipline and is poised to preserve an era of planetary stability managed under American auspices. Colonial armies, smothering bureaucracies, or any of the other previous trademarks of a stifling imperial structure are absent in a world where many of the trivial desires and discontents of subject people can be satiated or neutralized. This new global capability, made possible by the advancement of mass communication technologies, makes the American Empire unique among its imperial predecessors and gives it the ability to weather the storms of economic downturn, popular dissent, and social unrest into the foreseeable future.
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Notes
Though globalization is a “contested concept” with differing opinions of what it is and how it impacts the world, the discussion of the concept here is informed by the very good overview of the idea provided by Manfred Steger, Globalization: A Brief Insight (New York: Sterling, 2009).
This position was argued in Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000).
For a complete analysis on the how social networks operate and the impact they can have on human relations, see Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2008).
See Jason Burke, Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam (London: I. B. Tauris, 2003).
See United States Government Accountability Office, U.S. Public Diplomacy: Key Issues for Congressional Oversight (Washington, DC: G. A. O., 2009), 2.
Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, Pew Global Attitudes Project: Views of a Changing World, June 2003, http://people-press.org.
A fuller recounting and critique of the efforts to market the United States to the world after September 11, can be found in Edward Comor and Hamilton Bean, “America’s ‘Engagement’ Delusion: Critiquing a Public Diplomacy Consensus,” International Communications Gazette 74, no. 3 (2012): 203–220.
Images of battle carnage and civilian casualties was but one of the differences in how the American invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq were portrayed in the Western versus non-Western media. See Anthony DiMaggio, Mass Media, Mass Propaganda: Examining American News in the “War on Terror” (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2008).
Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994), 7–21.
The most significant of these actions have been chronicled in Stephen Kinzer, Overthrow: America’s Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq (New York: Times Books, 2006).
For a fuller discussion of these issues as they pertained to the American presence in Iraq, see Lila Rajiva, The Language of Empire: Abu Ghraib and the American Media (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2005).
See David Leigh and Luke Harding, Wikileaks: Inside Julian Assange’s War on Secrecy (Philadelphia, PA: Public Affairs, 2010).
Evgeny Morozov, The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (Philadelphia, PA: Public Affairs, 2011).
See Paul Mason, Why It’s Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions (New York: Verso, 2012), 75.
Stephen Mann, “Sousveillance: Inverse Surveillance in Multimedia Imaging,” in Proceedings of the 12th Annual ACM Conference on Multimedia, New York, 2004, 620–627.
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© 2014 Eric M. Fattor
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Fattor, E.M. (2014). Conclusion. In: American Empire and the Arsenal of Entertainment. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137382238_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137382238_6
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