Abstract
On the Upper West Africa coast rice belongs to two species — African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.) and Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.). African rice was domesticated in the region, perhaps three millennia ago, from a presumed wild ancestor, O. barthii. Asian rice was introduced via trans-Saharan and/or Atlantic trade routes, and belongs to one of two subspecies — japonica and indica. Temperate japonicas are grown widely in the Mediterranean basin, but West African japonicas are tropical types and so are more likely to have been introduced from South East Asia by Portuguese or other European maritime trading activity. A more recent family of West African japonicas, to be discussed in this chapter, may derive from Carolina in the late 18th century.
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Notes
‘Modern taste in rice […] demands first and foremost appearance, so that flavour and health are sacrificed for the white appearance.’ D. Grist (1975) Rice, 5th edition (London: Longman), p. 409.
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Rice and wheat are the world’s two most important grain crops but rice is three times less prominent in world trade than wheat, even though it commands a higher price. About 16 per cent of wheat output is traded internationally, but the figure for rice is only about 5 per cent. K. F. Kiple and K. C. Ornelas (eds) (2000) The Cambridge History of World Food (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 132–48.
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This aspect of Macaulay’s plan was never to succeed. World trade in rice underwent a major shift between the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century. Europe was the major importing region. After the American Revolution British importers turned to Bengal and Burma. Africa never figured in the equation. See P. Coclanis (1995) ‘The poetics of American agriculture: The United States rice industry in international perspective’ Agricultural History, 69 (2), 140–62.
This section draws on B. Mouser, E. Nuijten, F. Okry and P. Richards (2012) Commodity and Anti-Commodity: Linked Histories of Slavery, Emanicipation and Red and White Rice at Sierra Leone, Commodities of Empire Working Paper no. 19 (Milton Keynes: The Open University). The material on Almamy Amara was originally collected by Bruce Mouser, to whom thanks are due to summarise it here.
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Fendan Modu of Sumbuya told Richard Bright in 1802 ‘that commonly he makes 100 tons of salt and grows 100 tons of rice, exclusive of his own consumption’ (see B. Mouser (1979) ‘Richard Bright Journal 1802’ in Bruce L. Mouser (ed.), Guinea Journals: Journeys into Guinea — Conakry During the Sierra Leone phase, 1800–1821 (Washington, DC: University Press of America). This must have taken a large labour force, and suggests that slave production was well entrenched by that date.
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Laminaya was about 40 km ESE of Kukuna on the Little Scarcies (Kabba) river. G. H. Garrett (1892) ‘Sierra Leone and the interior: To the upper waters of the Niger’ Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, 14 (7), 433–55.
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These are apparent from the detailed soil maps included in Stobbs (1963), The Soils and Geography of the Boliland Region.
For more recent selection dynamics see, for example, M. Jusu (1999), Management of Genetic Variability in Rice (Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima Steud.) by Breeders and Farmers in Sierra Leone (Wageningen: PhD Thesis Wageningen University).
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P. Richards (1997) ‘Towards an African Green Revolution? An anthropology of rice research in Sierra Leone’ in E. Nyerges (ed.) The Ecology of Practice: Studies of Food Crop Production in sub-Saharan West Africa (Newark, NJ: Gordon & Breach), pp. 201–50.
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A. Mokuwa, E. Nuijten, F. Okry, B. Teeken, H. Maat, P. Richards, et al. (2013) ‘Robustness and strategies of adaptation among farmer varieties of African rice (Oryza glaberrima) and Asian rice (Oryza sativa) across West Africa’. PLoS ONE 8(3): e34801. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034801.
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C. Longley and P. Richards (1999) ‘Farmer innovation and local knowledge in Sierra Leone’ in K. Amanor, W. de Boef, A. Bebbington and K. Wellard (eds) Cultivating Knowledge (London: Intermediate Technology Press); Jusu, Management of Genetic Variability in Rice.
F. Migeod (1926) A View of Sierra Leone (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.).
‘Food sovereignty’ was a term first proposed by Via Campesina, a global alliance for small-scale farming, in 1996: M. E. Martinez-Torres and P. Rosset (2010) ‘La Via Campesina: The birth and evolution of a transnational movement’ Journal of Peasant Studies, 37 (1), 159.
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Richards, P. (2016). Rice as Commodity and Anti-Commodity. In: Hazareesingh, S., Maat, H. (eds) Local Subversions of Colonial Cultures. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137381101_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137381101_2
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