Abstract
The years 1735–36, with the suspension of the trade fleets for America and the death of José Patiño, marked the end of the first cycle of Bourbon reform for the colonies. This is not to say that major innovations in the organization and administration of the colonies were absent in the decade following 1736; quite the contrary, in fact. Two of the most self-evidently important measures of the entire Bourbon era—the development of colonial trade via registros or single register ships rather than annual fleets, and the definitive creation of the viceroyalty of New Granada—came to fruition during precisely this period. But neither measure was the product of these years; rather, both were now implemented after a process of contemplation and legislation that, as we saw in chapters 2–4, had far deeper roots. Thus, the viceroyalty of New Granada was first established under Julio Alberoni in 1717–18, only to be abolished in 1723; as we shall see shortly, its reestablishment in 1739 was a response not only to the War of Jenkins’ Ear that broke out in the latter year, but to discussions initiated by Patiño before his death and ongoing since the mid-1730s. The suspension of the trade fleets, meanwhile, occurred in 1735, but in a broader sense represented the final failure of early Bourbon commercial policy as developed under Alberoni and implemented since 1720.
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Notes
See the classic articles by Ernest G. Hildner, “The Role of the South Sea Company in the Diplomacy Leading to the War of Jenkins’ Ear, 1729–1739,” Hispanic American Historical Review 18 (1938), pp. 322–41;
Harold W. V. Temperley, “The Causes of the War of Jenkins’ Ear (1730),” Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 3rd series, 3 (1909), pp. 197–236;
and Sylvia Lyn Hilton, “El conflicto anglo-español sobre derechos de navegación en mares americanos (1729–1750),” Revista de Indias 38:153–4 (1978), pp. 671–713.
See Tobias George Smollet’s Roderick Random (London: J. Osborn, 1748), Chaps. 31–34, for a fictional account based closely on his experiences. On the siege, Allan J. Kuethe, “La batalla de Cartagena de 1741: Nuevas perspectivas,” Historiografía y bibliografía americanistas (Seville), 18 (1974), pp. 19–38,
may be contrasted with the older Charles E. Nowell, “The Defense of Cartagena,” Hispanic American Historical Review 42 (1962), pp. 477–501,
and Manuel Lucena Salmoral, “Los diarios anónimos sobre el ataque de Vernon a Cartagena existentes en Colombia: Su correlación y posibles autores,” Anuario de Estudios Americanos 30 (1973), pp. 337–469.
On Campillo, see Antonio Rodríguez Villa, Patiño y Campillo: Reseña histórico-biográfico de estos dos ministros de Felipe V (Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra, 1882);
José Martínez Cardós, “Don José del Campillo y Cossío,” Revista de Indias 30:122 (1970), pp. 503–42;
Miguel Artola, “Campillo y las reformas de Carlos III,” Revista de Indias 12:50 (1952), pp. 685–714.
José del Campillo y Cossío (Manuel Ballesteros Gaibrois, ed.), Nuevo sistema económico para América (Oviedo: Grupo Editorial Asturiano, 1993). Campillo’s authorship of this work is questioned by some; see esp. Luis Navarro García, “El falso Campillo y el reformismo borbónico,” Temas Americanistas (Seville) 12 (1995), pp. 10–31, which returns to his earlier work on this subject.
Manuel de Mendiburu, Diccionario histórico-biográfico del Perú, 2nd ed., 11 vols (Lima: Enrique Palacios, 1931–48) entry for Mendoza Caamaño.
“Relación del estado de los reynos del Perú … ”, 1745; this is available in published form only in the edition by Manuel Atanascio Fuentes, Memorias de los vireyes que han gobernado el Perú durante el tiempo del coloniaje español, 6 vols (Lima: F. Bailly, 1859), vol. 3, pp. 371–88.
On the brief administrations of 1740–46, see Francisco Antonio Eissa-Barroso, “Politics, Political Culture and Policy Making: The Reform of Viceregal Rule in the Spanish World under Philip V (1700–1746),” Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Warwick, 2010, pp. 301–15; on Fuenclara, Eugenio Sarrablo Aguareles, El conde de Fuenclara, embajador y virrey de Nueva España (1687–1752), 2 vols. (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1955–66).
John Lynch, Bourbon Spain, 1700–1808 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 153.
Lynch, Bourbon Spain, p. 153; Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, Silver, Trade, and War: Spain and America in the Making of Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 192.
Stein and Stein, Silver, Trade, and War, pp. 193–94; Roland Dennis Hussey, The Caracas Company, 1728–1784 (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1934), p. 79.
Xabier Lamikiz, Trade and Trust in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World: Spanish Merchants and their Overseas Networks (Woodbridge and Rochester: Boydell Press, 2010), especially part 2. Unless otherwise indicated, the following paragraphs draw on this work.
Antonio García-Baquero González, Cádiz y el Atlántico (1717–1778): El comercio colonial español bajo el monopolio gaditano, 2nd ed. 2 vols. (Cadiz: Diputación Provincial de Cádiz, 1988), vol. 1, p. 172; for figures specific to the New Spain trade, see Stein and Stein, Silver, Trade, and War, p. 195.
Allan Christelow, “Great Britain and the Trades from Cadiz and Lisbon to Spanish America and Brazil, 1759–1784,” Hispanic American Historical Review 27:1 (Feb. 1947), pp. 2–29;
Adrian J. Pearce, British Trade with Spanish America, 1763–1808 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007), p. 108.
Mariano Ardash Bonialian, El Pacífico hispanoamericano: Política y comercio asiático en el imperio español (1680–1784): La centrali-dad de lo marginal. (Mexico City: El Colegio de México, 2012), pp. 370–93, quotations on pp. 376, 384, 392.
On this point see especially the major essay by the late Antonio García-Baquero González, “Los resultados del libre comercio y el ‘punto de vista’: Una revisión desde la estadística,” in Antonio García-Baquero González, El comercio colonial en la época del absolutismo ilustrado: Problemas y debates (Granada: Universidad de Granada, 2003) (first published in 1997). García-Baquero discusses here earlier work on this topic by José María Delgado Ribas, published in the 1980s.
See Geoffrey J. Walker, Spanish Politics and Imperial Trade, 1700–1789 (London: Macmillan, 1979), pp. 218–19.
The Audiencia of Panama was abolished in 1751, however, as a direct consequence of the loss of the fleets trade; John H. Parry, The Spanish Seaborne Empire (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), p. 290.
Anthony McFarlane, Colombia before Independence: Economy, Society and Politics under Bourbon Rule (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 194–97. For detailed discussion of the origins of the reform under José Patiño, see Eissa-Barroso, “Politics, Political Culture and Policy Making,” esp. pp. 251–53, 260–71.
Printed regulations, dated November 30, 1736, A.G.I., Indiferente general 652; Juan Marchena Fernández, La institución militar en Cartagena de Indias en el siglo XVIII (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1982).
Anthony McFarlane, “The ‘Rebellion of the Barrios’: Urban Insurrection in Bourbon Quito,” Hispanic American Historical Review 69 (1989), pp. 283–330;
Kenneth J. Andrien, “Economic Crisis, Taxes and the Quito Insurrection of 1765,” Past & Present 129 (Nov. 1990), pp. 104–31;
Allan J. Kuethe, Military Reform and Society in New Granada, 1773–1808 (Gainesville, FL: The University Presses of Florida, 1978), pp. 48–50, 79, 83–92;
John Leddy Phelan, The People and the King: The Comunero Revolution in Colombia, 1781 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), esp. pp. 112–17, 126–27, 144–46. On the military organization of Cartagena across this period, see Marchena Fernández, La institución militar en Cartagena de Indias, esp. Chaps. 3–4.
Gilma Mora de Tovar, Aguardiente y conflictos sociales en la Nueva Granada, siglo XVIII (Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1988), pp. 17–58, 170–72.
See Villagarcía to Crown, January 14, 1741, A.G.I., Lima 642, for his (curiously halfhearted) protest at the separation of Panama and Guayaquil; also Manso, Relacion, p. 268. On Guayaquil and its economic dependence on Peru during this period, see María Luisa Laviana Cuetos, Guayaquil en el siglo XVIII (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1987), and Dora León Borja and Adám Szásdi-Nagy, “El comercio del cacao de Guayaquil,” Revista de Historia de América (Mexico City), 57–58 (1964), pp. 1–50, esp. pp. 18–29. Guayaquil was later temporarily reincorporated into the viceroyalty of Peru; Kuethe, Military Reform and Society, p. 2. Peru continued to fund a large part of the defense costs of Panama, as of Cartagena de Indias and Santa Marta, through annual situado military subsidies, well into the late Bourbon era.
Enrique Sánchez Pedrote, “Los Prelados-Virreyes,” Anuario de Estudios Americanos 7 (1950), pp. 211–53, esp. pp. 239–46; for this decree,
see also Antonio Muro Orejón, Cedulario americano del siglo XVIII, 3 vols (Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, 1956–77), vol. 3, doc. 112, pp. 239–41.
See the accounts in John J. TePaske and Herbert S. Klein, The Royal Treasuries of the Spanish Empire in America, 4 vols. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1982–90), vol. 1.
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Pearce, A.J. (2014). Reform Abated, 1736 to 1745. In: The Origins of Bourbon Reform in Spanish South America, 1700–1763. Studies of the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137362247_6
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