Abstract
At the beginning of the 1960s, new developments arising from the Cold War led American authorities to change their policy for the so-called developing countries, especially in Latin America. Perturbed by the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and preoccupied by containing the advance of communism in the region, the government of John F. Kennedy initiated a program of international aid aimed at social and economic assistance for allied countries.
Research for this article was funded by Capes, Brazil. The article was translated by Sean Peardy. I would like to register special thanks to Paulo Fontes, James N. Green, and Natan Zeichner for making this article possible.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
See Lincoln Gordon, Progresso pela Aliança. (Rio de Janeiro: Record, 1962);
John C. Dreyer, ed., A Aliança para o Progresso: Comentários de Milton S. Eisenhower, Raul Prebisch, José Figueres, Teodoro Moscoso e Dean Rusk (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fundo de Cultura, 1962).
Cecilia Azevedo, Em Nome da América: Os Corpos da Paz no Brasil (São Paulo: Alameda, 2008).
Lincoln Gordon, A New Deal for Latin America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963), 16.
Beth Sims, Workers of the World Undermined: American Labor’s Role in U.S. Foreign Policy (Boston, MA: South End Press, 1992), 79.
In the mid-1940s and 1950s, the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB) mobilized small farmers and poor rural workers all over the country, especially in the Northeast region. The “Ligas Camponesas” demanded redistribution of land without compensation. In the early 1960s, the movement, headed by Francisco Julião, alarmed landowners, political leaders, and the US government. See, Anthony W. Pereira, The End of the Peasantry: The Rural Labor Movement in Northeast Brazil, 1961–1988 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1997).
For some examples, see George Morris, American Labor: Which Way? (New York: International Publishers, 1961) and CIA and American Labor: The Subversion of the AFL-CIO’s Foreign Policy (New York: International Publishers, 1967);
Fred Hirsch, An Analysis of our AFL-CIO in Latin America or, Under the Covers with the CIA (San José, CA: F. Hirsch, 1974); Hobart A. Spalding, “U.S. and Latin American Labor: The Dynamics of Imperialist Control,” Latin American Perspectives 3 (1976);
Michael J. Sussman, AIFLD, U.S. Trojan Horse in Latin America and the Caribbean (Washington, DC: Epica, 1983); Peter Gribbin, “Brazil and CIA,” Counter Spy (1979).
More recently, consult the study of Hugh Wilford, The Mighty Wurlitzer: How the CIA Played America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
Kim Scipes, AFL-CIO’s Secret War against Developing Country Workers. Solidarity or Sabotage? (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010).
James N. Green, We Cannot Remain Silent. Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).
Kenneth S. Mericle, “Corporatist Control of the Working Class: Authoritarian Brazil since 1964,” in Authoritarianism and Corporatism in Latin America, ed., James M. Malloy (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1977).
For the panorama of the trajectory of the ORIT in Latin America, see Robert J. Alexander, “Labor and Inter-American Relations,” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 334, Robert N. Burr, et al., eds., Latin America’s Nationalistic Revolutions (1961).
Serafino Romualdi, Presidents and Peons: Recollections of a Labor Ambassador in Latin America (New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1967).
Paulo Fontes and Fernando T. da Silva, “Brazil, Labor Struggles,” in International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest, ed., Immanuel Ness (New York: Blackwell Publishing, 2009).
Ricardo Alaggio Ribeiro, A Aliança para o Progresso e as relações Brasil-Estados Unidos (Campinas, Brazil: Tese de doutorado, IFCH/Unicamp, 2006), 89.
Paul K. Erickson, The Brazilian Corporative State and Working Class Politics (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977).
Aviva Chomsky, Linked Labor Histories: New England, Colombia, and the Making of a Global Working Class (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008), 235.
Carlos Fico, O grande irmão — da operação Brother Sam aos anos de chumbo- o governo dos Estados Unidos e a ditadura militar brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008).
René Armand Dreifuss, 1964: a conquista do Estado (Petrãpolis, Brazil: Vozes, 1981).
Juracy Magalhães, Minha experiência diplomática (Rio de Janeiro: Livraria José Olympio Editora, 1971).
André Lara Resende, “Estabilização e reforma: 1964–1967,” in Marcelo de Paiva Abreu, ed., A ordem do progresso: Cem anos de político, econômica republicana, 1889–1989 (Rio de Janeiro: Editora Campos, 1990).
See Anthony W. Pereira, Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005).
Thomas E. Skidmore, The Politics of Military Rule in Brazil, 1964–1985 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
Margareth Keck, “The New Unionism in the Brazilian Transition,” in Democratizing Brazil: Problems of Transition and Consolidation, ed., Alfred Stepan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2013 Robert Anthony Waters, Jr. and Geert van Goethem
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Corrêa, L.R. (2013). “Democracy and Freedom” in Brazilian Trade Unionism during the Civil-Military Dictatorship: The Activities of the American Institute for Free Labor Development. In: Waters, R.A., van Goethem, G. (eds) American Labor’s Global Ambassadors. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137360229_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137360229_11
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-47185-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-36022-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)