Skip to main content

Understanding and Responding to Persons with Special Needs Who Have Sexually Offended

  • Chapter
  • 691 Accesses

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Risk, Crime and Society ((PSRCS))

Abstract

Providing evidence-based interventions to persons who have sexually offended can be a challenging enterprise at the best of times. Any difficulties encountered are exacerbated further when clients presenting for treatment demonstrate significant treatment-interfering factors (e.g., problem-solving skills deficits, impulsivity, lack of motivation, narcissism, emotional dysregulation, denial/minimization). These barriers can seriously threaten the establishment of prosocial change and, ultimately, successful community integration. Clinical presentations to consider include clients with intellectual and other cognitive processing difficulties, severe and persistent mental health issues, or highly entrenched antisocial values and attitudes, in addition to clients with other presentations that are harder to categorize but who still show difficulties in treatment readiness (see Wilson, 2009).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abel, G. and Blasingame, G. (2005). The Abel-Blasingame assessment system for the intellectually disabled. Atlanta, GA: Abel Screening Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th edn). Washington, DC: APA.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. A. and Bonta, J. (1995). LSI-R: The Level of Sendee Inventory-Revised user’s manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, D. A., and Bonta, J. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct (5 th edn). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aos, S., Miller, M. and Drake, E. (2006). Evidence-based adult corrections programs: What works and what does not. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, J. (2012). The theatre of meeting: The history of drama and other experiential therapies as neurological analogs. In R. E. Longo, D. S. Prescott, J. Bergman and K. Creeden (eds). Current perspectives and applications in neurobiology: Working with people who are victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse (pp. 317–344). Holyoke, MA: NEARI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, J. and Hewish, S. (2003). Challenging experience: An experiential approach to the treatment of serious offenders. Oklahoma City OK: Wood’N’Barnes.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasingame, G. (in press). Assessment, diagnosis, and risk management of sexual offenders with intellectual disabilities. In: A. Phenix and H. Hoberman (eds). Diagnosis, risk assessment, and management of sexual offenders. New York: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasingame, G., Abel, G., Jordan, A. and Wiegel, M. (2011). The utility of the Abel-Blasingame assessment system for the intellectually disabled. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 4(2), 107–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boer, D. P., Haaven, J. L., Lambick, F., Lindsay, W. R., McVilly K., Sakdalan, J. and Frize, M. (2012). ARMIDILOS Manual: Web Version 1.0. Available at www.armi-dilo.net (http://armidilo.net/files/Intro-Manual-Web-Version-l-2012.PDF), accessed 26 June 2014.

  • Boer, D.P., McVilly, K.R. & Lambrick, F. (2007). Contextualizing risk in the assessment of intellectually disabled individuals. Sexual Offender Treatment, 2(2), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boer, D., Tough, S. and Haaven, J. (2004). Assessment of risk manageability of intellectually disabled sex offenders. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(4), 275–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Center for Sex Offender Management (2008, November). The Comprehensive Approach to Sex Offender Management. Silver Spring Maryland: Author. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/smart/sexoffendermgmt.htm (accessed 26 June 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duwe, G. and Freske, P. J. (2012). Using logistic regression modeling to predict sexual recidivism: The Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool-3 (MnSOST-3). Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 24(4), 350–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • English, K., Pullen, S., & Jones, L. (eds) (1996). Managing adult sex offenders: A Containment Approach. Lexington, KY: American Probation and Parole Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finkelhor, D. and Jones, L. M. (2004). Explanations for the decline in child sexual abuse cases. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, K. and Blanchard, R. (1989). Phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57(1), 1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K. (1997). The development of a brief actuarial risk scale for sexual offense recidivism (User Report 1997–04). Ottawa, ON: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K., Bourgon, G., Helmus, L. and Hodgins, S. (2009). The principles of effective conectional treatment also apply to sexual offenders: A meta-analysis. Criminal justice and behavior, 36(9), 865–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K., and Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies, journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 348–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K., Gordon, A., Harris, A.J. R., Marques, J. K., Murphy, W., Quinsey V. L. and Seto, M. C. (2002). First report of the collaborative outcome data project on the effectiveness of treatment for sex offenders. Sexual Abuse: A journal of Research and Treatment, 14(2), 169–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson R. K. and Harris A.J. R. (2001). A structured approach to evaluating change among sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A journal of Research and Treatment, 13(2), 105–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J. R., Scott, T. L. and Helmus, L. (2007). Assessing the risk of sex offenders on community supervision: The Dynamic Supervision Project (User Report 2007–05). Ottawa, ON: Public Safety Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K. and Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sex offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies, journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, (6), 1154–1163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K., Sheahan, C. & VanZuylen, H. (2013). Static-99 and RRASOR predict recidivism among developmentally delayed sexual offenders: A cumulative meta-analysis. Sexual Offender Treatment, 8(1), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, R. K. and Thornton, D. (2000). Improving risk assessments for sex offenders: A comparison of three actuarial scales. Law and Human behavior, 24(1), 119–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Revised Psychopathy Checklist, 2nd ed. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. J. R. and Tough, S. E. (2004). Should actuarial risk assessments be used with sex offenders who are intellectually disabled? journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 17(4), 235–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. T, Rice, M. E. and Quinsey, V. L. (1993). Violent recidivism of mentally disordered offenders: The development of a statistical prediction instrument. Criminal justice and behavior, 20(4), 315–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helmus, L. (2009). Re-norming Static-99 recidivism estimates: Exploring base rate variability across sex offender samples. Master’s thesis, Carleton University. Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. MR58443). Available at: http://www.static99.org/pdfdocs/helmus2009–09static-99norms-mathesis.pdf

  • Helmus, L., Thornton, D., Hanson, R. K. and Babchishin, K.M. (2012). Improving the predictive accuracy of STATIC-99 and STATIC-2002 with older sex offenders: Revised age weights. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 24(1), 64–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hingsburger, D. (1995). Just say know! Understanding and reducing the risk of sexual victimization of people with developmental disabilities. Angus, ON: Diverse-City Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levenson, J., Willis, G., & Prescott, D. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of male sex offenders: Implications for trauma-informed care. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/1079063214535819.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, W. R., Hogue, T. E., Taylor, J. L., Steptoe, L., Mooney P., O’Brien, G., et al. (2008). Risk assessment in offenders with intellectual disability: A comparison across three levels of security. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 52(1), 90–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lofthouse, R.E., Lindsay, W.R., Totsika, V. & Hastings, R.P., Boer, D.P., Haaven, J.L (2013). Prospective dynamic assessment of risk of sexual reoffending in individuals with an intellectual disability and a history of sexual offending behaviour. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 26(5), 394–403.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longo, R. E., Prescott, D. S., Bergman, J. and Creeden, K. (2012). Current perspectives and applications in neurobiology: Working with people who are victims and perpetrators of sexual abuse. Holyoke, MA: NEARI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, R. E. (2009). Getting the context right for sex offender treatment. In D. S. Prescott (ed.). Building motivation to change in sexual offenders (pp. 55–73). Brandon, VT: Safer Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mann, R. E., Hanson, R. K. and Thornton, D. (2010). Assessing risk for sexual recidivism: Some proposals on the nature of psychologically meaningful risk factors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 22(3), 191–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinson, R. (1974). What works?—questions and answers about prison reform. The Public Interest, 35(1), 22–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, R., Livingston, J. and Falk, G. (2007). A structured method of assessing dynamic risk factors among sexual abusers with intellectual disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112(3), 221–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, W. R. and Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational interviewing: Helping people change (3rd edn). New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monahan, J. (1981). The clinical prediction of violent behavior.Washington, DC: National Institute of Mental Health. [Reprinted as Predicting violent behavior: An assessment of clinical techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage (also 1981).]

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, AB., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2000). A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(1), 113–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monissey C, Mooney, P., Hogue, T. Lindsay, W. and Taylor, J. (2007). Predictive validity of the PCL-R of offenders with intellectual disability in a high security hospital: Treatment progress. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 32(2), 125–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nunes, K. L., Hanson, R. K., Firestone, P., Moulden, H. M., Greenberg, D.M. and Bradford, J. M. (2007). Denial predicts recidivism for some offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19(2), 91–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olver, M. E., Wong, S. C, Nicholaichuk, T. and Gordon, A. (2007). The validity and reliability of the violence risk scale-sexual offender version: Assessing sex offender risk and evaluating therapeutic change. Psychological Assessment, 19(3), 318–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pennebaker, J. W. and Chung, C. K. (2011). Expressive writing and its links to mental and physical health. In H. S. Friedman (ed.). Oxford handbook of health psychology (pp. 417–437). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D.S. & Miller, S.D. (in press). Improving outcomes one client at a time: Feedback-informed treatment with adults who have sexually abused. In B. Schwartz (ed.). The sex offender, volume 8. Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. S. and Wilson, R.J. (2012). Paradoxical and double-bind communication in treatment for persons who sexually offend. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 18(2), 233–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. S. and Wilson, R.J. (2013). Awakening motivation for difficult changes. Holyoke, MA: NEARI Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinsey V. L., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E. and Cormier, C. A. (2005). Violent offenders: Appraising and managing risk (2nd edn). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reavis, J., Looman, J., Franco, K. and Rojas, B. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences and adult criminality: How long must we live before we possess our own lives? The Permanente Journal, 17(2),44–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlank, A. (2006). Implications of cognitive rigidity in the civilly committed sex offender population. In A. Schlank (ed.). The Sexual Predator (Vol. III) (pp. 12–1-12-8). Kingston, NJ: Civic Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, P., Goggin, C. and Gendreau, P. (2002). The effects of prison sentences and intermediate sanctions on recidivism: General effects and individual differences. Research Report 2002–01. Ottawa, ON: Solicitor General Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobsey D. (1994). Violence and abuse in the lives of people with disabilities: The end of silence acceptance? Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, A. (1960). Sexual psychopath statutes: Summary and analysis. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 51(2) 215–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, D. (2002). Constructing and testing a framework for dynamic risk assessment. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14(2), 139–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thornton, D., Mann, R., Webster, S., Blud, L., Travers, R., Friendship, C. and Erikson, M. (2003). Distinguishing and combining risk for sexual and violent recidivism. A nnals of the New York Academy of Science, 989(1), 225–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Toney E. F., Kennard, A. D., Eslinger, D., Lamb, R. and Pavle, J. (2010). More mentally ill persons are in jail and prisons than hospitals: A Survey of the states. National Sheriffs Association and Treatment Advocacy Center. Available at http://www.sheriffs.org/userfiles/file/FinalJailsvHospitalsStudy.pdf (accès sed 25 October 2013).

  • Tough, S. E. (2001). Validation of two standardized risk assessments (RRASOR, 1997; Static-99, 1999) on a sample of adult males who are development ally disabled with significant cognitive deficits. Masters Abstracts International, 39(06), 1626B. (UMINo. MQ58817).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, D., Beech, A. R., Markall, H. F. and Blacker, J. (2009). Actuarial risk assessment and recidivism in a sample of UK intellectually disabled sex offenders. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 15(1), 97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, RJ. (2009). Treatment readiness and comprehensive treatment programming: How do we ensure preparation for and commitment to change in persons who have sexually offended? In D. S. Prescott (ed.). Building motivation to change in sexual offenders. Brandon, VT: Safer Society Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. J. and Bums, M. (2011). Intellectual disability and problems in sexual behaviour: Assessment, treatment, and promotion of healthy sexuality. Holyoke, MA: NEARI press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.J., Cortoni, F., Picheca, J.E., Stirpe, T.S., &Nunes, K. (2009). Community-based sexual offender maintenance treatment programming: An evaluation. [Research Report R-188] Ottawa, ON: Correctional Service of Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. J., Looman, J., Abracen, J. and Pake, D. R. (2012). Comparing sexual offenders at the Regional Treatment Centre (Ontario) and the Florida Civil Commitment Center. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57(3), 377–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. J., Picheca, J. E., McWhinnie, A. J. and Cortoni, R. (2011). Circles of support & accountability: Engaging the community in sexual offender risk management. In B. Schwartz (ed.). Handbook of sex offender treatment (pp. 64–1-64-26). Kingston, NT: Civic Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. and Kemshall, H. (2007). The operation and experience of Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). London: UK Home Office. Available at http://www.caerdydd.ac.uk/socsi/resources/MAPPA1207.pdf (accessed 26 June 2014)

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, P. M. (2009a). Using the good lives model to motivate sexual offenders to participate in treatment. In D. S. Prescott (ed.). Building motivation to change in sexual offenders (pp. 74–95). Brandon, VT: Safer Society.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, P. M. (2009b). Is sexual offender denial related to sex offence risk and recidivism? A review and treatment implications. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 15(2/3), 183–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, P. M., Prescott, D. S. and Ward, T. (2010). Applying the good lives and self-regulation models to sex offender treatment: A practical guide for clinicians. Brandon, VT: Safer Society.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2014 Robin J. Wilson and David S. Prescott

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wilson, R.J., Prescott, D.S. (2014). Understanding and Responding to Persons with Special Needs Who Have Sexually Offended. In: McCartan, K. (eds) Responding to Sexual Offending. Palgrave Studies in Risk, Crime and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137358134_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics