Abstract
This chapter explores the origins and the development of evidence- based medicine (EBM), with a focus on the relationship between EBM and healthcare managerialism. Although the origins and key features of EBM have been widely discussed in the clinical and healthcare literature, there is some variation with regard to authors’ views about when EBM was created and what its key characteristics are. While most scholars would consider EBM a relatively recent development which started in the early to mid-1990s, others would locate the origins of the approach to earlier periods. Likewise, while most definitions of EBM would emphasise its focus on clinical practice based on a systematic analysis (and/or meta-analysis) of published research, others would emphasise specific methodologies such as randomised control trials (RCTs) as a means of underpinning medical decisions and practice within EBM.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abramson, J. and Starfield, B., 2005, The effect of conflict of interest on biomedical research and clinical practice guidelines: Can we trust the evidence in evidence-based medicine? Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 18, pp. 414–418.
Alford, R., 1975, Health care politics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Als-Nielsen, B., Chen, W., Gluud, C., and Kjaergard, L. L., 2003, Association of funding and conclusions in randomized drug trials: A reflection of treatment effect or adverse events? Journal of the American Medical Association, 290, pp. 921–928.
Amberson, J., McMahon, B., and Pinner, M., 1931, A clinical trial of sanocrysin in pulmonary tuberculosis. American Review of Tuberculosis, 24, pp. 401–435.
Anthony, H. M., 1993, Clinical research: Questions to ask and the benefits of asking them, In G. T. Lewith and D. Aldridge (Eds.), Clinical research methodology for complementary therapies, London: Hodder and Stoughton, pp. 108–121.
Anonymous, 1962, Draft code on the ethics of human experimentation. British Medical Journal, 2, pp. 135–136.
Anonymous, 1995, Evidence-based medicine, in its place. Lancet, 346, p. 785.
Aveyard, P., 1997, Evidence-based medicine and public health. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 3, 139–144.
Bartrip, P. W. J., 1990, Mirror of Medicine: A history of the British Medical Journal. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bean, W., 1952, A testament of duty: Some structures on moral responsibilities in clinical research. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 39(1), pp. 3–9.
Beecher, H. K., 1966, Ethics and clinical research. New England Journal of Medicine, 274(24), pp. 1354–1360.
Braun, D., 1994, Structure and dynamics of health research and public funding. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Chalmers, I., Enkin, M., and Keirse, M. J. N. C. (Eds.), 1989, Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Charlton, B. G., 1996, Megatrials are based on a methodological mistake. British Journal of General Practice, 46, pp. 429–431.
Charlton, B. G., 1997, Restoring the balance: Evidence-based medicine put in its place. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 3(2), pp. 87–98.
Claridge, J. A. and Fabian, T. C., 2005, History and development of Evidence- based Medicine. World Journal of Surgery, 29, pp. 547–553.
Cochrane, A. L., 1941, Sickness in Salonica: My first, worst, and most successful clinical trial. British Medical Journal, 289, pp. 1726–1727.
Cochrane, A. L., 1972, Effectiveness and efficiency. Random reflections on health services. London: Nuffield Hospitals Trust.
Cronin, E. and Sheldon, T., 2004, Factors influencing the publication of health research. International Journal of Technology Assessment, 20, pp. 351–355.
Daly, J., 2005, Evidence-based medicine and the search for a science of clinical care. Berkeley, CA: Milbank Memorial Fund and University of California Press.
Davidoff, F., Haynes, B., Sackett, D., and Smith R., 1995, Evidence-based Medicine. A new journal to help doctors identify the information they need. British Medical Journal, 310, pp. 1085–1086.
Davies, S., 2010, Setting the research agenda for health services management practice: Who decides? Evidence and Policy, 6(1), pp. 103–113.
Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University Health Science Centre, 1981, How to read clinical journals: I. Why to read them and how to start reading them critically. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 124(5), pp. 555–558.
Dopson, S., Locock, I., Gabbay., Ferlie, E., and Fitzgerald, I., 2003, Evidence Based Medicine and the implementation gap. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 7(3), pp. 311–330.
Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group, McMaster University, 1992, Evidence- based medicine: A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(17), pp. 2420–2425.
Feinstein, A. R., 1966, Symptoms as and index of biological behaviour and prognosis in human cancer. Nature, 209, pp. 241–245.
Feinstein, A. R., 1994, Clinical judgment revisited: The distraction of quantitative models. Annals of Internal Medicine, 120, pp. 799–805.
Feinstein, A. R. and Horwitz, R. I., 1997, Problems in the ‘Evidence’ of ‘Evidence- based Medicine.’ The American Journal of Medicine, 103, pp. 529–535.
Freidson, E., 1989, Medical work in America: Essays on health care. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Goldacre, B., 2013, Bad pharma: How medicine is broken and how we can fix it. London: Fourth Estate, revised and updated edition.
Goldenberg, M. J., 2006, On evidence and evidence-based medicine: Lessons from the philosophy of science. Social Science and Medicine, 62, pp. 2621–2632.
Guyatt, G., Rennie, D., Meade, M. O., and Cook, D. J., 2008, Users’ guides to the medical literature: A manual for evidence-based clinical practice, Chicago: American Medical Association, second edition.
Guyatt, G., Cairns, J., Churchill, D., Deborah Cook, D., Haynes, B., Hirsh, J., Irvine, J., Levine, M., Levine, M., Nishikawa, J., Sackett, D., Brill-Edwards, P., Gerstein, H., Gibson, J., Jaeschke, R., Kerrigan, A., Neville, A., Panju, A., Detsky, A., Enkin, M., Frid, P., Gerrity, M., Laupacis, A., Lawrence, V., Menard, J., Moyer, V., Mulrow, C., Links, P., Oxman, A., Sinclair, J., and Tugwell, P., 1992, Evidence- based medicine — a new approach to teaching the practice of medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(17), pp. 2420–2425.
Harrison, S., 1999, Clinical autonomy and health policy: Past and futures, In M. Exworthy and S. Halford (Eds.), Professionals and the new managerialism in the public sector. Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 50–64.
Henry, J. P., 1982, The relation of social to biological processes in disease. Social Science and Medicine, 16, pp. 369–380.
Hill, G. B., 2000, Archie Cochrane and his legacy, an internal challenge to physicians’ autonomy? Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 53, pp. 1189–1192.
Hogwood, B. W. and Gunn, L. A., 1984, Policy analysis for the real world. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hollman, A., 1994, Sir Thomas Lewis: Clinical scientist and cardiologist, 1881–1945. Journal of Medical Biography, 2, pp. 63–70.
Holmes, D., Murray, S. J., Perron, A., and Rail, G., 2006, Deconstructing the evidence-based discourse in health sciences: Truth, power and fascism. International Journal of Evidence Based Healthcare, 4, pp. 180–186.
Hunter, D. J., 1996, Rationing and evidence-based medicine. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 2, pp. 5–8.
Karthikeyan, G. and Pais, P., 2010, Clinical judgement and evidence-based medicine: Time for reconciliation. Indian Journal for Medical Research, 132(5), pp. 623–626.
Kravitz, R. L., Duan, N., and Braslow, J., 2004, Evidence-based medicine, heterogeneity of treatment effects, and the trouble with averages. Milbank Quarterly, 82(4), pp. 661–687.
Lanman, J. T., Guy, L., and Danus, J., 1954, Retrolenatal fibroplasias and oxygen therapy. Journal of the American Medical Association, 155, pp. 223–226.
Le Fanu, J., 2011, The rise and fall of modern medicine, London: Abacus, second edition.
Lush, B. (Ed.), 1961, Concepts of medicine: A collection of essays on aspects of medicine, New York: Pergamon Press.
Marmot, M. G., 1985, Psychosocial factors and blood pressure. Preventive Medicine, 14, pp. 451–465.
Marshall, T., 1997, Scientific knowledge in medicine: A new clinical epistemology. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 3, pp. 133–138.
Martin, R. D., 1984, A critical review of the concept of stress in psychosomatic medicine. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 27, pp. 443–464.
McQueen, M. J., 2001, Overview of evidence-based medicine: Chal lenges for evidence based laboratory medicine. Clinical Chemistry, 47(8), pp. 1536–1564.
Medical Research Council, 1948, Streptomycin treatment of tuberculosis. British Medical Journal, ii, pp. 769–782.
Medicines and Health Care Products Regulatory Agency, 2012, Medicines and medical devices regulation: What you need to know. London: MHRA.
Meyer, R. J. and Haggerty, R. J., 1962, Streptococcal infections in families. Factors altering individual susceptibility. Paediatrics, 29, pp. 539–549.
Montori, V. M. and Guyatt, G. H., 2008, Progress in evidence-based medicine. Journal of the American Medical Association, 300(15), pp. 1814–1816.
Naylor, C. D., 1995, Grey zones of clinical practice: Some limits to evidence-based medicine. Lancet, 345, pp. 840–842.
Nuremberg Code, 1949, Trials of war criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law, 10(2), pp. 181–182. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available online http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/NTs_war-criminals.html, accessed March 2014.
Pappworth, M., 1969, Human guinea pigs: Experimentation on man.
Patel, C., Marmot, M., Terry D. J., Carruthers, M., Hunt, B., and Patel, M., 1985, Trial of relaxation in reducing coronary risk. British Medical Journal, 290, pp. 1103–1106.
Patz, A., Hoeck, L. E., and De La Cruz, E., 1952, Studies on the effect of high oxygen administration in retrolental fibroplasias: Nursing observations. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 35, pp. 1248–1253.
Petersen, M., 2002, Madison Ave. Has growing role in the business of drug research. New York Times, 22 November; sect A, p. 1.
Platt, R., 1961, Wisdom is not enough: reflections on the art and science of medicine, In B. Lush (Ed.), Concepts of medicine: A collection of essays on aspects of medicine, New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 1–12.
Pope, C., 2003, Resisting evidence: The study of evidence-based medicine as a contemporary social movement. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine, 7(3), pp. 267–282.
Pressman, J. and Wildavsky, A., 1973, Implementation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Rangachari, P. K., 1997, Evidence-based medicine: Old French wine with a new Canadian label. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 90(5), pp. 280–294.
Raspe, H., 1996, Evidence-based medicine: Popular nonsense, old wine in new bottles or current necessity? Zeitschrift für Ärztliche Fortbildung, 90(6), pp. 553–562 [in German].
Roe, W., 1983, Science in the practice of medicine: Its limitations and dangers. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 27, pp. 386–400.
Sackett, D. L., 1992, Cochrane’s legacy. Lancet, 340, pp. 1131–1132.
Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M. C, Muir Gray, J. A., Haynes, R. B., and Richardson, W. S., 1996, Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t. British Medical Journal, 312, pp. 71–72.
Secretary of State, 1997, The new NHS. London: Department of Health.
Song, F., Parekh, S., Hopper, L., Loke, Y. K., Ryder, J., Sutton, A. J., Hing, C., Kwok, C. S., Pang, C., and Harvey I., 2010, Dissemination and publication of reseach findings: An updated review of related biases. Health Technology Assessment, 14(8), pp. iii, ix-xi, 1–93.
The House of Commons Health Committee, 2005, The Influence of the Pharmaceutical Industry, 1, p. 55. Available online http://www.parliament.com.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmhealth/42/42.pdf released 5 April, accessed April 2014.
Thornton, T., 2006, Tacit knowledge as the unifying factor in evidence-based medicine and clinical judgement. Philosophy, Ethics and Humanity in Medicine, 1(2), pp. 1–10.
Timmermans, S. and Kolker, E. S., 2004, Evidence-based medicine and the reconfiguration of medical knowledge. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 45 (Extra Issue), pp. 177–193.
Timmermans, S. and Mauck, A., 2005, The promises and pitfalls of evidence- based medicine. Health Affairs, 24(1), pp. 18–24.
Tonelli, M. R., 1998, The philosophical limits of evidence-based medicine. Academic Medicine, 73(12), pp. 1234–1069.
Walshe, K. and Rundall, T. G., 2001, Evidence-based management: From theory to practice in health care. Milbank Quarterly, 79(3), pp. 429–457.
Weisbrod, B. A., 1991, The health care quadrilemma: An essay on technological change, insurance, quality of care, and cost containment. Journal of Economic Literature, 29, pp. 523–552.
White, P., 1971, My life in medicine: An autobiographical memoir, Boston, MA: Gambit.
Willman, D., 2004, The National Institutes of Health: Public servant or private marketer? Los Angeles Times, 22 December;sect A, p. 27.
Wolinsky, F. D., 1993, The professional dominance, deprofessionalization, proletarianization, and corporatization perspectives: An overview and synthesis, In F. W. Hafferty and J. B. McKinley (Eds.), The changing medical profession. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 11–24.
Yoshioka, A., 1998, Use of randomization in the Medical Research Council’s clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. British Medical Journal, 317, pp. 1220–1223.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 2014 Sara Melo and Matthias Beck
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Melo, S., Beck, M. (2014). Evidence-Based Medicine. In: Quality Management and Managerialism in Healthcare. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137351999_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137351999_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-46904-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-137-35199-9
eBook Packages: Palgrave Business & Management CollectionBusiness and Management (R0)