Skip to main content

Beyond Auschwitz? Europe’s Terrorscapes in the Age of Postmemory

  • Chapter
Book cover Memory and Postwar Memorials

Part of the book series: Studies in European Culture and History ((SECH))

Abstract

“Orange visits Auschwitz!” reads a Dutch newspaper headline on June 6, 2012, shortly before the start of the Union of European Football Association’s (UEFA) Championship in Poland and Ukraine, referring to the visit of the national football team to the Nazi concentration camp in Poland. The young, international sportsmen were deeply moved when entering the gate of Auschwitz I and walking along the ramp of Birkenau. Some players called it an “unbelievable” and “indescribable experience,” an impression confirmed by photographs made by invited press agencies.1 Interestingly, only a month earlier during the commemorations of the Second World War in the Netherlands on May 4–5, a comparable media hype occurred when the well-known deejay and artist Ruud de Wild went to Auschwitz with his crew. The idea had come up shortly after Holocaust Memorial Day, January 27, with a “spontaneous” call-out during his weekly radio broadcast. While chatting with one of his sidekicks, De Wild told his listeners that his nine-year-old daughter had asked him what he knew about Anne Frank. Never having visited the Amsterdam Anne Frank House, this made him think: “Shameful, I’ve not even been in a concentration camp. And I’ve done really everything!” Explaining his own ignorance by an unwillingness to share his emotions “with an old mister with 200 medals putting down a floral wreath,” he made a decision.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Margriet Oostveen, “DJ in Auschwitz,” NRC-Handelsblad, February 3, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  2. ThetextoftheStockholmDeclarationquotedfromthelTFwebsite:http://www.holocausttaskforce.org/about-the-itf/stockholm-declaration.html (accessed January 26, 2013); see also Jens Kroh, “Erinnerungskultureller Akteur und geschichtspolitisches Netzwerk. Die ‘Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance and Research,’” in Universalisierung des Holocaust? Erinnerungskultur und Geschichtspolitik in internationaler Perspektive, ed. Jan Eckel und Claudia Moisel (Göttingen: Wallstein, 2008), 156–73; and Harald Schmid, “Europäisierung des Auschwitzgedenkens? Zum Aufstieg des 27. Januar 1945 als ‘Holocaustgedenktags’ in Europa,” in ibid., 174–202.

    Google Scholar 

  3. See Robert Jan van Pelt, “January 27, 1945 AD / 13 Shevat, 5705 AM. A Defining Moment in Modern European History?” (lecture presented at the conference “Remembering for the Future,” Copenhagen, April 26–27, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  4. Years before the UN’s General Assembly supported the ITF in its mission by establishing Holocaust Memorial Day, January 27 was introduced in France in 1995 as a national commemoration day of the anti-Semitic crimes of the Vichy regime, and unified Germany followed in 1997 with a Holocaust Memorial Day. See Aleida Assmann, “Europe: A Community of Memory?” GHI Bulletin 40 (Spring 2007): 11–25, and her recent essay Auf dem Weg zu einer europäischen Gedächtniskultur? (Vienna: Picus, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Marloes de Koning, “Hongarije is geen kolonie van de EU,” NRC Handelsblad (March 16, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  6. See Rob van der Laarse, “Archaeology of Memory: Europe’s Holocaust Dissonances in East and West,” in Heritage Reinvents Europe, ed. Dirk Callebaut, Jan Mařik, and Jana Mařiková. EAC Occasional Paper No. 7 (Budapest: Archaeolingua, 2013), 117–26.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Elazar Barkan, The Guilt of Nations: Restitution and Negotiating Historical Injustices (New York: Norton, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914–1991 (London: Michael Joseph, 1994);

    Google Scholar 

  9. see also Zygmunt Bauman, “A Century of Camps,” in Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 192–205.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Marianne Hirsch, “The Generation of Postmemory,” Poetics Today 29, no. 1 (2008): 103–28, here 110–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Patrick Desbois, The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest’s Journey to Uncover the Truth behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), originally published in French under the title Porteur de mémoires: Sur les traces de la Shoah par balles (Neuilly-sur-Seine: Lafon, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  12. See David Lowenthal, The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998);

    Book  Google Scholar 

  13. Gregory Ashworth, “Heritage and the Consumption of Places,” in Bezeten van Vroeger: Erfgoed, Toerisme en Identiteit, ed. Rob van der Laarse (Amsterdam: Het Spinhuis, 2005), 193–206;

    Google Scholar 

  14. and Paul Williams, Memorial Museums: The Global Rush to Commemorate Atrocities (Oxford: Berg, 2007). See also Laurie Beth Clark on memorial museum objects in chapter 8.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Harold Marcuse, Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 402–03.

    Google Scholar 

  16. See the introduction to De Dynamiek van de Herinnering: Nederland en de Tweede Wereldoorlog in een Internationale Context, ed. Frank van Vree and Rob van der Laarse (Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2009), 7–16.

    Google Scholar 

  17. See John B. Thompson, The Media and Modernity: A Social Theory of the Media (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), and idem, Political Scandal: Power and Visibility in the Media Age (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Daniel Levy and Natan Sznaider, Erinnerung im globalen Zeitalter: Der Holocaust (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2001), 36–39.

    Google Scholar 

  19. See Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Destination Culture: Tourism, Museums and Heritage (Berkeley: University of California, 1998);

    Google Scholar 

  20. and Rob van der Laarse, De Oorlog als Beleving: Over de Musealisering en Enscenering van Holocaust-Erfgoed (Amsterdam: Reinwardt Academie, 2011). See also Geneviève Zubrzycki’s discussion of Jewish ghetto tourism in chapter 5.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Henrik Skov Kristensen, “Eine Politik von grosser Tragweite: Die dänische ‘Zusammenarbeitspolitik’ und die dänische KZ-Häftlinge,” Hilfe oder Handel? Rettungsbemühungen für NS-Verfolgte. Beiträge zur Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Verfolgung in Norddeutschland 10 (July 2007): 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Henrik Skov Kristensen, “Challenges of a Memorial,” in The Power of the Object: Museums and World War II, ed. Esben Kjeldbæk (Edinburgh: MuseumsEtc, 2009), 168–97, here 183–84.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Sarah Farmer, “Symbols That Face Two Ways: Commemorating the Victims of Nazism and Stalinism at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen,” Representations 49 (Winter 1995): 97–119, here 115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Patrizia Violi, “Trauma Site Museums and Politics of Memory,” Theory, Culture & Society 29, no. 1 (2012): 36–75, here 39, 70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. See Laurajane Smith, Uses of Heritage (London: Routledge, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Lars Breuer and Isabella Matauschek, “‘Seit 1945 ist ein guter Däne Demokrat’: Die deutsche Besatzungszeit in der dänischen Familienerinnerung,” in Krieg der Erinnerung: Holocaust, Kollaboration und Widerstand im europäischen Gedächtnis, ed. Harald Welzer (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer, 2007), 76–111, here 80.

    Google Scholar 

  27. See Edwin Meinsma, “Nederlanders in de Waffen-SS. De Politieke en Militaire Geschiedenis van Nederlandse Waffen SS-Vrijwilligers aan het Oostfront, 1941–1945,” MA Thesis, Groningen University, 2000;

    Google Scholar 

  28. and Geraldien von Frijtag Drabbe Kunzel, “The Dutch in the Occupied East and the Holocaust,” Yad Vashem Studies 39, no. 2 (2011): 55–80.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Inge Melchior and Oane Visser, “Voicing Past and Present Uncertainties: The Relocation of a Soviet World War II Memorial and the Politics of Memory in Estonia,” Focaal: European Journal for Anthropology 59 (2011): 33–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. See Jannie Boerema, De Kinderen van de NSB. Interviews met Kinderen van ‘Foute Ouders’ (Leeuwarden: Noordboek, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Thomas Tschirner and Melf Wiese, “Wer darf erinnern? Das Frøslevlejren Museum als binationaler Erinnerungsort,” in Gedenkstätten und Erinnerungskulturen in Schleswig-Holstein. Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft, ed. Katja Köhr, Hauke Peterson, and Karl Heinrich Pohl (Berlin: Frank und Timme, 2011), 95–114.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Henrik Skov Kristensen, “Frøslev 1944–1945 / Fårhus 1946–1949: Same Camp, Two Narratives” (contribution to the workshop “‘Forgotten’ War and Occupation Heritage: Shedding Light on the Darkness,” McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, August 25–26, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  33. See Michael Rothberg, Multidirectional Memory. Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  34. A glass wall of the Jasenovac Memorial Museum’s 2006 exhibition lists the “names of the 69,842 verified victims so far,” as compared to the number of 80,000 in Nevenko Bartulin, “The Ideology of Nation and Race: The Croatian Ustasha Regime and its Policies towards Minorities in the Independent State of Croatia,” PhD diss., University of South Wales, 2006, 383, and the recent upgrade from 80,000 to 100,000 victims at the FAQ page of Jasenovac’s official memorial website, http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=7619 (accessed March 6, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  35. The Serbian Jasenovac Research Institute still estimates the number of Jasenovac’s victims at about 800,000, including 20,000 Jews, of a total of about 30,000 Jews killed on the territory of the Independent State of Croatia by Ustaše and Germans; Jaša Romano, “Jews of Yugoslavia 1941–1945. Victims of Genocide and Freedom Fighters,” cited from the English summary of Jevreji Jugoslavije 1941–1945. Zrtve Genocida I Učesnici Narodnooslobodilačkog Rata (Belgrad: Jevrejski Istorijski Muzej, Saveza Jevrejskih Opstina Jugoslavije, 1980), 573–90. https://vhl.nethosting.com/çlituchy/images/jews_of_yugoslavia_1941_1945.pdf (accessed March 6, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  36. See Jovan Skendžić, “‘Far More Than Shameless’: A Survivor Talks about Croatia’s ‘Museum’ at Jasenovac,” interview with Smilja Tišma (Belgrade), President, Organization of Survivors (February 5, 2007), http://emperorsclothes.com/interviews/tisma.htm (accessed January 29, 2013),

    Google Scholar 

  37. and Pål Kolstø, “The Serbian-Croatian Controversy over Jasenovac,” in Serbia and the Serbs in World War Two, ed. Sabrina P. Ramet and Ola Listhaug (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), 226–41.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Nataša Jovičić, “Jasenovac Memorial Museum’s Permanent Exhibition—The Victim as an Individual,” Croatian Institute of History 2, no. 1 (2006): 295–99, here 295.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Jovičić, “Jasenovac Memorial Museum’s Permanent Exhibition,” 296; on Allied photography, see Barbie Zelizer, Remembering to Forget: Holocaust Memory through the Camera’s Eye (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998),

    Google Scholar 

  40. and Frank van Vree, “Indigestible Images. On the Ethics and Limits of Representation,” in Performing the Past: Memory, History, and Identity in Modern Europe, ed. Karin Tilmans, Frank van Vree, and Jay Winter (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010), 257–86.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Jovičić, “Jasenovac Memorial Museum’s Permanent Exhibition, 295–96, and her contribution “Jasenovac Memorial Museum: The Victim as an Individual” (contribution at the workshop “‘Forgotten War’ and Occupation Heritage: Shedding Light on the Darkness,” McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, August 25–26, 2012). See also Tony Judt, “The Past is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe,” Daedalus 121, no. 4 (1992): 83–118, here 106.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Stef Jansen, “The Violence of Memories: Local Narratives of the Past after Ethnic Cleansing in Croatia,” Rethinking History 6, no. 1 (2002): 77–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Nataša Mataušić, Jasenovac. The Brief History (Jasenovac, undated), 65; based on Nataša Mataušić, Jasenovac 1941–1945. Logorsmrti i radni logor (Jasenovac-Zagreb: Javna ustanova Spomen-područje Jasenovac, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  44. See David Bruce MacDonald, Balkan Holocausts? Serbian and Croatian Victim-Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2008), 160–80;

    Google Scholar 

  45. and John Corsellis and Marcus Ferrar, Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival after World War II (London: I.B. Tauris, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  46. See Ljiljana Radonic, Krieg um die Erinnerung: Kroatische Vergangenheitspolitik zwischen Revisionismus und europäischen Standards (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  47. “Julija Kos sent a [sic] Information letter to the ambassadors about poor Exhibitions on Jasenovac Museum”, Margelov Institut, http://blog.dnevnik.hr/margelinstitute/2010/04/1627415776/julija-kos-sent-a-information-letter-to-the-ambassadors-about-poor-exhibitions-on-jasenovac-museum.html (accessed March 6, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Nataša Mataušić, “Answer to Julija Kos’ ‘Jasenovac Concentration Camp Today, History Re-Written,’” http://www.academia.edu/1324286/Natasa_Matausic_Answer_to_Julija_Kos_Jasenovac_Concentration_Camp_Today_History_Re-written (accessed March 6, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  49. Jonathan Lis, “President of Croatia Apologizes to Jewish Holocaust Victims,” Haaretz (February 15, 2012), http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/presidentof-croatia-apologizes-to-jewish-holocaust-victims-1.413109 (accessed January 31, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Britt Baillie, “Chronocentrism and Remembrance as Resistance: The Dudik Memorial Complex” (contribution to the workshop “‘Forgotten War’ and Occupation Heritage: Shedding Light on the Darkness,” McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, August 25–26, 2012).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Wulf Kansteiner, In Pursuit of German Memory: History, Television, and Politics after Auschwitz (Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2006), 331.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Rudy Koshar, From Monuments to Traces: Artifacts of German Memory 1870–1990 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000), 287.

    Google Scholar 

  53. See Michael Meng, Shattered Spaces: Encountering Jewish Ruins in Postwar Germany and Poland (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  54. Alexander Etkind, “Mapping Memory Events in the East European Space,” East European Memory Studies Newsletter 1 (2010): 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  55. James E. Gilmore and B. Joseph Pyne, Authenticity: What Consumers Really Want (Boston: Harvard Business School, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  56. See Orner Bartov, Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007).

    Google Scholar 

  57. My translation into English from the Dutch edition: Jáchym Topol, De werkplaats van de duivel, trans. from the Czech by Edgar de Bruin (Amsterdam: Anthos 2010), 115. For the English edition, see The Devil’s Workshop, trans. Alex Zucker (London: Granta, 2013).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2013 Marc Silberman and Florence Vatan

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van der Laarse, R. (2013). Beyond Auschwitz? Europe’s Terrorscapes in the Age of Postmemory. In: Silberman, M., Vatan, F. (eds) Memory and Postwar Memorials. Studies in European Culture and History. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137343529_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics