Abstract
As we have seen in the first part of this book, social exclusion—and the forces that create and sustain it—is a major cause of poverty. As this second part explains, the solution to that problem is empowerment.
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Notes
Reinhard Bendix. Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977), 124–25 and 135–41. The original source of these observations is Max Weber, The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, which was first published in 1915 in German. An English-language version was published in 1951.
Albert Bandura, “Personal and Collective Efficacy in Human Adaptation and Change,” in Advances in Psychological Science, vol. 1, Social, Personal, and Cultural Aspects, ed. J. G. Adair and D. Belanger (Hove, England: Psychology Press/Erlbaum [UK] Taylor & Francis, 1998), 51–71, http://jamiesmithportfolio.com/EDTE800/wp-content/PrimarySources/Bandura2.pdf.
Deepa Narayan, Lant Pritchett, and Soumya Kapoor, Moving Out of Poverty: Success from the Bottom Up (Washington: World Bank and Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 127–28.
Frances Tay McHugh, Empowerment Social Development (http://www.scribd.com/doc/2296028/Empowerment-Social-Development, 2008), 3.
The other two were security and opportunities. World Bank Group, Attacking Poverty: World Development Report 2000/2001 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
See, for instance, James Wolfensohn, “Securing the 21st Century” (address to the Board of Governors of the World Bank Group at the Joint Annual Discussion during the 2004 Annual Meetings, Washington DC, October 3, 2004).
See, among others, Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999).
Oscar Lewis, La Vida: A Puerto Rican Family in the Culture of Poverty (New York: Random House, 1965), xl–xli.
David Martin, “The Evangelical Upsurge and Its Political Implications,” in The Descularization of the World, ed. Peter L. Berger (Washington DC: Ethics and Public Policy Center, 1999), 39, 41.
This point and the resulting sociopolitical dynamics are at the center of my book on fragile states. See Seth Kaplan, Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008), 35–45.
It is also discussed in Gareth Williams, Alex Duncan, Pierre Landell-Mills, and Sue Unsworth, “Politics and Growth,” Development Policy Review 29 no. S1 (January 2011): S41.
Raphaël Franck and Ilia Rainer, “Does the Leader’s Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa,” American Political Science Review 106 no. 2 (May 2012): 294–325.
Giorgio Blundo and Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, “The Popular Semiology of Corruption,” in Blundo and de Sardan (eds.), Everyday Corruption and the State (2006), 112.
Mahaman Tidjani Alou, “Corruption in the Legal System,” in Blundo and de Sardan (eds.), Everyday Corruption and the State (2006), 145–46.
Robert Wade, “The Market for Public Office: Why the Indian State Is Not Better at Development,” World Development 13 no. 4 (1985): 477.
Natalie J. Kitroeff, “Castresana Resigns, the Fight against Corruption in Guatemala Intensifies,” http://www.freedomhouse.org, June 17, 2010, http://blog.freedomhouse.org/weblog/2010/06/castresana-resigns-the-fight-against-corruption-in-guatemala-intensifies.html.
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© 2013 Seth D. Kaplan
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Kaplan, S.D. (2013). Self-Belief and Power. In: Betrayed. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137341808_6
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