Abstract
The poor are an immensely varied group.
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Notes
World Bank, World Development Report 2010 (Washington: World Bank, 2010), 392.
Laurence Chandy and Geoffrey Gertz, Poverty in Numbers: The Changing State of Global Poverty from 2005 to 2015, (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 2011), 3.
Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, Measuring Global Poverty, Knowledge in Development Notes, World Bank Development Research Group, October 19, 2009, 3. See http://go.worldbank.org/NODTCVO0M0.
See Abhijit Banerjee and Esther Duflo. “The Economic Lives of the Poor” (unpublished paper, MIT: Cambridge, MA, 2006), 8 and 32–33; online at http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/530. The authors use $2.16 a day as their cut-off mark, which was the equivalent of the current $2.50 World Bank poverty line at the time they did their research. (The WB poverty lines have grown from $1 and $2 to $1.25 and $2.50 over the past two decades due to inflation.)
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Rethinking Poverty: Report on the World Social Situation 2010 (New York: United Nations, 2009), 57–59.
Laurence Chandy and Geoffrey Gertz, Poverty in Numbers: The Changing State of Global Poverty from 2005 to 2015, (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 2011), 8–10.
Andy Sumner, The New Bottom Billion and the MDGs— A Plan of Action, IDS in Focus Policy Briefing (Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2010).
Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, “An Update to the World Bank’s Estimates of Consumption Poverty in the Developing World,” February 29, 2012, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVCALNET/Resources/Global_Poverty_Update_2012_02–29-12.pdf.
World Bank, “World Development Indicators 2012” (Washington DC: World Bank, 2012), [Accessed April 2012], http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators.
United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2007 (New York: UNDP, 2007), 26.
Guillermo Perry, Omar Arias, J. Humberto Lopez, William Maloney, and Luis Servén, Poverty Reduction and Growth: Virtuous and Vicious Cycles (Washington DC: World Bank, 2006), 90.
Howard White and Tony Killick, African Poverty at the Millennium: Causes, Complexities, and Challenges (Washington DC: World Bank, 2001), 17.
Kate Bird, David Hulme, Karen Moore, and Andrew Shepherd, Chronic Poverty and Remote Rural Areas, Chronic Poverty Research Centre (CPRC) Working Paper no. 13 (Birmingham, UK: CPRC, 2002), 12–13.
Seth Kaplan, Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008), 89.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), The State of the World’s Children 2005 (New York: UNICEF, 2004), 20.
John Iliffe, The African Poor: A History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 57.
See, for instance, Marie Besançon, “Inequality in Ethnic Wars, Revolutions, and Genocides,” Journal of Peace Research 42 no. 4 (July 2005): 393–415.
See Frances Stewart (ed.), Horizontal Inequalities and Conflict: Understanding Group Violence in Multiethnic Societies (London: Palgrave, 2010).
Also see Ploughshares, Human Development and Armed Conflict (Waterloo: Project Ploughshares, 2007).
World Bank, World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development (Washington: World Bank, 2011), 63.
Geoff Handley, Kate Higgins, and Bhavna Sharma, Poverty and Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Overview of the Issues, Working Paper 299 (London, UK: Overseas Development Institute, January 2009), 3.
United Nations Children’s Fund (Unicef), “Adult Wars, Child Soldiers: Voices of Children Involved in Armed Conflict in the East Asia and Pacific Region” (Bangkok: Unicef, October 2002), 17.
UN Refugee Agency, UNHCR Annual Report Shows 42 Million People Uprooted Worldwide, press release, June 16, 2009. See http://www.unhcr.org/4a2fd52412d.html.
Anil Aggrawal, “Refugee Medicine,” in Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, vol. 3, ed. Roger Byard, Jason Payne-James, Tracey Corey, and Carol Henderson (London: Elsevier Academic Press, 2005), 514–525.
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© 2013 Seth D. Kaplan
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Kaplan, S.D. (2013). Who Are the Poor?. In: Betrayed. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137341808_3
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